Browsing by Author "Donde, Oscar"
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Publication Faecal bacterial contamination of borehole water between points-of-access and points-of-use in Naivasha, Kenya; Public health implication(Egerton Journal of Science and Technology, 2013-05-15) Donde, Oscar; Muia, Wairimu; Trick, Charles; Creed, IrenaMicrobiological assessment of drinking water at Point of Access (POA), vendors and household levels is a major issue due to realization of the impact of poor microbial water quality on the general public health. The impact is even greater in densely populated areas as in the case of Naivasha. Assessment on the effects of poor handling of drinking water at different domains aims at protecting consumers from waterborne diseases. The study investigated the bacterial water quality levels at different handling domains; borehole POA, vendors and household within three villages (Karagita, Mirera and Kamere). Membrane Filtration Technique (MFT) and heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) procedure was used in estimating the densities of E. coli, total coliforms, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens and hetetrophic bacteria in water samples from all the above domains. In addition, selected physico-chemical parameters were measured in situ using appropriate measuring probes. Data was analyzed using Sigmaplot® analysis software version 12, with α = 0.05. All the water samples from borehole POA, vendors and households had bacterial quality of above the recommended standards for drinking water. Median values for E. coli, intestinal enterococci and C. perfringens were not significantly difference between the sites (P>0.05). Total coliforms and HPC were aecal bacterial contamination of borehole water between points-of-access Egerton J. Sci. & Technol. Volume 13: 165-184 ISSN No. 2073 - 8277 significantly different between the site (P<0.05). In conclusion, the study indicates that poor water handling has negative effect on the bacterial quality of drinking water, hence a public health concern. Hygienic water handling practices at both the supply sources and within households storage containers, proper sewerage systems and efficient pre-consumption water purification techniques are recommended.Publication Faecal pollution and solar purification of community water sources within Lake Naivasha basin, Kenya(Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 2015-06) Donde, Oscar; Muia, Wairimu; Wanga, Lucy; Shivoga, William; Trick, Charles; Creed, IrenaAs in other parts of Africa, and in other developing nations, the rise in the human population and anthropogenic activities within the Lake Naivasha basin is causing an increase in human health risks due to faecal contamination of domestic water sources. This study investigated faecal pollution of community water sources within the Lake Naivasha basin by measuring the densities of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens and heterotrophic bacteria in Lake Naivasha, the Malewa and Gilgil Rivers, and boreholes using membrane filtration techniques and heterotrophic plate count procedures. Selected physico-chemical parameters were also measured in situ from all the water sources sampled. Lakes and rivers had significantly higher microbial abundances than boreholes. Unlike boreholes, surface sources (rivers and lake) showed significant variation with respect to sampling sites for all the microbiological parameters (P< 0.05). The use of solar radiation in water disinfection with temperatures of 75 WC after 30 minutes from pasteurization point (time zero) fully eradicated E. coli and total coliforms from all the water sources. In conclusion, there is faecal pollution in water sources used by communities within the Lake Naivasha basin. The use of solar radiation is therefore recommended for water purification to reduce likely incidences of waterborne diseases.