Browsing by Funder "African Development Bank"

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  • Publication
    Publication
    Cancer and non-cancer health risks from carcinogenic heavy metal exposures in underground water from Kilimambogo, Kenya
    (Elsevier, 2020-03) Nyambura, Catherine; Hashim, Nadir Omar; Chege, Margaret Wairimu; Tokonami, Shinji; Omonya, Felix Wanjala
    Water is very crucial for man, animals and plants because of its health implications in case it is polluted. Water has many uses like drinking for man and animals, domestic use and for agricultural use. The concentration levels of Cd, Ni and Pb in borehole water of Kilimambogo region were measured using the atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). pH was measured on site using a digital pH standard meter. The use of fertilizers and chemicals from the neighboring small scale farms and the large pineapple farms could easily contaminate the water table. The mean heavy metal concentration for Cd, Ni and Pb were found to be 6.4, 6.9 and 42.0 ppm respectively. The mean hazard quotients (HQ) were 26.2, 1.4 and 57.0.for adults and 12.9, 0.69 and 27.9 for children for the corresponding elements. The mean carcinogenic risks for Cd, Ni and Pb were 4.9 × 10−2, 1.2 × 10−2 and 7.3 × 10−3 for adults and 1.1 × 10−2, 2.8 × 10−2 and 1.6 × 10−3 for children respectively. The mean metal pollution index (MPI) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) were 10 and 934, higher than the set critical threshold value of 100. Therefore, the borehole sources are enriched with heavy metals and should be periodically monitored.
  • Publication
    Publication
    Cancer and Non-Cancer Health Risks from Carcinogenic Heavy Metal Exposures in Underground Water from Kilimambogo, Kenya
    (Elsevier, 2020) Nyambura, Catherine; Hashim, Nadir Omar; Chege, Margaret Wairimu; Tokonami, Shinji; Omonya, Felix Wanjala
    Water is very crucial for man, animals and plants because of its health implications in case it is polluted. Water has many uses like drinking for man and animals, domestic use and for agricultural use. The concentration levels of Cd, Ni and Pb in borehole water of Kilimambogo region were measured using the atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). pH was measured on site using a digital pH standard meter. The use of fertilizers and chemicals from the neighboring small scale farms and the large pineapple farms could easily contaminate the water table. The mean heavy metal concentration for Cd, Ni and Pb were found to be 6.4, 6.9 and 42.0 ppm respectively. The mean hazard quotients (HQ) were 26.2, 1.4 and 57.0.for adults and 12.9, 0.69 and 27.9 for children for the corresponding elements. The mean carcinogenic risks for Cd, Ni and Pb were 4.9 × 10−2, 1.2 × 10−2 and 7.3 × 10−3 for adults and 1.1 × 10−2, 2.8 × 10−2 and 1.6 × 10−3 for children respectively. The mean metal pollution index (MPI) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) were 10 and 934, higher than the set critical threshold value of 100. Therefore, the borehole sources are enriched with heavy metals and should be periodically monitored.
  • Publication
    Publication
    Characteristics of TiO2 Compact Layer prepared for DSSC application
    (Path of Science, 2018-11-04) Musila, Nicholas; Munji, Mathew; Simiyu, Justus; Masika, Eric; Nyenge, Raphael; Kineene, Miriam; Musila, Nicholas; Munji, Mathew; Simiyu, Justus; Masika, Eric; Nyenge, Raphael; Kineene, Miriam
    Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) offer an economically reliable and suitable alternative in moderating the challenges presented by the existing convectional photovoltaic cells. However, the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells has remained relatively low. For this reason, this research was aimed at studying the characteristics of TiO2 compact layer that can be applied in DSSCs as a way of improving efficiency. To achieve this, TiO2 compact layer was deposited on a conductive glass substrate by using Holmarc’s Spray Pyrolysis system, using Ultrasonic Spray Head and spraying in the vertical geometry. X-ray Diffraction studies revealed that TiO2 compact layer was of anatase phase and had tetragonal crystalline structure. Raman spectroscopy showed that the most intense peak appeared at 142 cm-1 due to the external vibration of the anatase structure. Hall Effect studies revealed that TiO2 compact layer has a high density of charge carriers’ value of 1.25 × 1019 cm-3 hence it can be used in DSSC applications.
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    Publication
    Comparative analysis of communication channels for diffusion and adoption of quality protein maize: the case of Kathonzweni and Kirinyaga, Kenya
    (University of Nairobi, 2015) Carolyne Khalayi Wafula
    Despite the use of various communication strategies in Kenya, access and use of agricultural information by rural farming communities and other actors along the agricultural information chain is inadequate to cope with challenges in crop production leading to high levels of poverty. In Kirinyaga and Makueni counties, poverty levels of people living in urban areas are 26 % and 35% respectively, with about 67% of the rural populations living below the poverty line. This study, therefore, investigated how different communication channels used in disseminating new or proven agricultural technologies in Africa by the DONATA project among the smallholder farmers in Kirinyaga in Central and Kathonzweni in Eastern counties of Kenya have influenced the farmers decision to adopt quality protein maize (QPM). Random sampling technique was used to select respondents for the survey and primary data collected using structured questionnaires which involved 210 farmers, comprising of 110 from Kathonzweni and from 100 Kirinyaga. Descriptive statistics, covariance analysis and binary logistic regression were applied through SPSS application to ascertain the factors contributing to diffusion and adoption of QPM technologies. The levels of quality protein maize awareness in Kathonzweni were much higher 100% compared to Kirinyaga 98%. Farmer to farmer and farmer groups in Kirinyaga and extension services in Kathonzweni play a major role in farmer awareness of quality protein maize technologies. The results from the binary logistic regression indicates socio economic characteristics in Kathonzweni and Kirinyaga such as age and marital status play a big role in diffusion and adoption of quality protein maize. Field days in both study regions contributed significantly to increased QPM adoption. Farming was found to be the main source of income with 97.3% in Kathonzweni and 98% Kirinyaga. Lack of seed and climate change were major constraints affecting agricultural production in the study areas. It is therefore recommended that farmer field days, demonstrations, farmer field schools, farmer to farmer and group meetings continue being promoted through increased extension visits, and investing in farmer education via seminars, as vehicles of disseminating agricultural innovations. Information and communication technologies like radio, mobile phone and television should be used to complement the conventional channels which promote access to quality protein maize information. This will increase adoption, hence increased production and high yields which will be part of the solution to food insecurity and raising poverty levels in the
  • Publication
    Publication
    Effect of TiO2 Compact Layer on DSSC Performance
    (Social Science Research Network, 2018-09-30) Musila, Nicholas; Munji, Mathew; Simiyu, Justus; Masika, Eric; Nyenge, Raphael
    Dye-sensitized solar cells offer an economically reliable and suitable alternative in moderating the challenges presented by the existing convectional photovoltaic cells. Whereas, for convectional solar cells the semiconductor adopts both the duty of light absorption and charge carrier transport, these two functions are separated in dye-sensitized solar cells. However, the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells has remained relatively low. For this reason, this research was aimed at how to increase the dye-sensitized solar cells performance. To achieve this, compact cover of TiO2 was deposited on a conductive glass substrate by using Holmarc’s Spray Pyrolysis system, using Ultrasonic Spray Head and spraying in vertical geometry, while TiO2 nanoparticles and nanotubes were deposited by screen printing technique on top of a transparent conducting FTO glass slide with or without the TiO2 compact layer. Transmission characteristics showed that introducing TiO2 compact layer on the conductive film lowers the transmission while reflectance properties were less than 15 % for all the prepared thin films. SEM micrographs showed that TiO2 nanotubes had a skein-like morphology with abundant number of nanotubes intertwined together to form a large surface area film. Solar cell performance properties revealed that introducing compact layer to dye-sensitized solar cells improved the performance by 145 % (from 1.31 % to 3.21 %) while TiCl4 treatment on compact layered dye-sensitized solar cells increased the efficiency by 28.79 % (from 0.66 % to 0.85 %).
  • Publication
    Publication
    Optical Properties and Analysis of OJL Model’s Electronic inter-band Transition Parameters of TiO2 Films
    (Path of Science, 2018-07-31) Musila, Nicholas; Munji, Mathew; Simiyu, Justus; Masika, Eric; Nyenge, Raphael; Musila, Nicholas; Munji, Mathew; Simiyu, Justus; Masika, Eric; Nyenge, Raphael
    Titanium dioxide is a wide band gap semiconductor responsible for the bright white appearance in most substances. This material has many unique properties due to its extra-ordinary chemical stability. TiO2 has a conduction band that closely matches the excited energy level of organic dyes hence it is used in fabrication of photo-anode electrode of dye sensitized solar cell. However, the optical properties and the density of states of TiO2 thin films determine the performance of dye sensitized solar cell fabricated from TiO2 photo-anode electrode. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to investigate the optical properties and the OJL electronic inter-band transition analysis of TiO2 nanoparticle thin films. Under the OJL model, the expressions of density of states were specified for the optical transition from the valence band to the conduction band. The TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared using sol-gel and hydrothermal methods and deposited on a conductive glass substrate by screen printing and spray pyrolysis techniques. SEM analysis revealed that TiO2 nanoparticles were spongy and had unevenly sphere-shaped profile while TiO2 nanotubes had a skein-like morphology with abundant number of nanotubes intertwined together. This study showed that TiO2 thin films have both direct and indirect band-gaps. The OJL Gap energy (E0) values were observed to be between 30273.2356 and 31072.0000 wavenumbers which translated to band-gap energies between 3.744 and 3.843 eV. From these findings showed that TiO2 films prepared could be used in the fabrication of high performing dye-sensitized solar cell.