Sustainable Agriculture

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Domestication and Survival of Selected Medicinal Trees and Shrubs in Chapereria Division West Pokot County Kenya
(Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 2019-02-08) Maina, Peris Nyambura; Mandila, Brexidis
Depletion of medicinal plant species as a result of over over-extraction in their natural habitats will have detrimental effects on the livelihood of the locals that herbal medicine is part and parcel of their health systems. Though domestication is the best strategy to conserve medicinal tree and shrub species, most medicinal trees and shrubs have remained undomesticated due to low survival rates and inadequate information on the best strategies to improve survival rates. This study was designated to determine the domestication level and survival rates of selected medicinal tree and shrub species in the semi-arid regions of Chepareria division. A cross-sectional research design was employed in this study. Chepareria division was purposely selected. 384 households were selected using systematic random sampling technique. A pre-designed data collection sheet was used to collect the information on medicinal plant species and photographs were taken where necessary during data collection. The study indicated that there were 25 medicinal tree and/or shrubs in Chepareria division. It was also found that 91.7% households had domesticated trees on their farms with Croton megalocarpus (71.3%) being the highly domesticated tree while Myrsine afriana was the least (0.9%) prevalent medicinal tree in the area. Further analysis using Chi- Square (χ 2 ) test of fitness indicated that there were significant differences in the number of households that have domesticated different medicinal trees and/or shrub species in Chepareria division (P <.0001). The indicated that the various medicinal trees and/or shrubs had different survival rates in the area. The mean survival rates of Aloe graminicola (62.6%), Croton macrostachyus (69.8%) Vernonia amygdalina (69.3%) and Croton megalocarpus (72.7%) are significantly higher while the survival rates of Tamarindus indica (12.0%), Myrsine afriana (6.6%), Dalbergia vaccinifolia (9. 4%) and Commiphoraboi viniana (7.2%) are significantly lower. Chapareria to increase the domestication and survival rate of trees/shrubs.
Effect of Selected Environmental factors on Microalgae Diversity and Abundance in Gazi Bay, South Coast Kenya
(Journal Of Sea Research, 2022-06) Swaleh Miriam; Abubakar Laila; Mwaguni Saeed; Munga Daniel; Okuku Erik; Dzoga Mumini; Fulanda Alexander
Abstract Microalgal community structure of Gazi Bay, Kenya and association with environmental factors was studied between February, June 2019 and October 2020. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and the Rarefaction curves were used for the analysis of community structure; while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine correlation between environmental factors with abundance and species diversity of microalgae. A total of 79 microalgae species belonging to 10 classes were recorded, with diatoms dominating in all the sampling sites. The three most abundant species of microalgae observed were Scripssiela sp, Peridinium quinqeucorne, and Striatella sp. There was temporal and spatial distribution of microalgae in the study area. Microalgae abundance ranged from 942 cells/L to 14,990 cells/L, with the highest mean abundance recorded in February during the dry season. Western creek indicated the highest abundance and species diversity compared to other stations at the bay with a significant difference in sample compositions (R = 0.236, P = 0.002). Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the environmental parameters; Total Dissolved Substances (0.61) and salinity (0.59) had a positive correlation with microalgae abundance. This relationship was significant at p < 0.05 for N = 12. In addition, these parameters had a strong influence on microalgae composition and abundance in the Western creek at Gazi Bay. While the microalgae in Mapononi and Doa were influenced by nitrate levels and pH respectively. Gazi Bay is recognized as an important breeding site for fisheries in the south coast of Kenya. Therefore, our findings may be useful in identifying areas within the bay that may be conserved in order to sustain the coastal community livelihood, and justify effective management of hinterland activities to minimize eutrophication.
Effect of Selected Environmental Factors on Microalgae Diversity And Abundance In Gazi Bay, South Coast Kenya
(Journal of Sea Research, 2022-06) Swaleh Mariam; Abubakar Laila; Mwanguni Saeed; Munga Daniel; Okuku Eric; Dzoga Mumini; Fulanda Alexander
Microalgal community structure of Gazi Bay, Kenya and association with environmental factors was studied between February, June 2019 and October 2020. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and the Rarefaction curves were used for the analysis of community structure; while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine correlation between environmental factors with abundance and species diversity of microalgae. A total of 79 microalgae species belonging to 10 classes were recorded, with diatoms dominating in all the sampling sites. The three most abundant species of microalgae observed were Scripssiela sp, Peridinium quinqeucorne, and Striatella sp. There was temporal and spatial distribution of microalgae in the study area. Microalgae abundance ranged from 942 cells/L to 14,990 cells/L, with the highest mean abundance recorded in February during the dry season. Western creek indicated the highest abundance and species diversity compared to other stations at the bay with a significant difference in sample compositions (R = 0.236, P = 0.002). Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the environmental parameters; Total Dissolved Substances (0.61) and salinity (0.59) had a positive correlation with microalgae abundance. This relationship was significant at p < 0.05 for N = 12. In addition, these parameters had a strong influence on microalgae composition and abundance in the Western creek at Gazi Bay. While the microalgae in Mapononi and Doa were influenced by nitrate levels and pH respectively. Gazi Bay is recognized as an important breeding site for fisheries in the south coast of Kenya. Therefore, our findings may be useful in identifying areas within the bay that may be conserved in order to sustain the coastal community livelihood, and justify effective management of hinterland activities to minimize eutrophication.
Predicting Endophytes Contribution In vivo in Napier Grass Accessions’ tolerance against Ustilago kamerunensis Using In vitro Strategies
(JAAS, 2014-10-30) Omayio, DO; Ajanga, SI; Muoma JV; Ochieno, DMW; Muyekho, FN; Mukoye, B; Leitich,RK
Two completely randomized laboratory assays were carried out at the plant pathology section of the National Agricultural Research LaboratoriesKabete in Nairobi Kenya. The aim of the studies was to determine the abundance of endophytes among an initially selected and presumed tolerant napier grass accessions to head smut pathogen and to decipher their possible synergistic or individualistic contribution to the accessions asymptomatic response to the disease challenge. The analyzed Shannon diversity indices results indicated that the abundance of fungal endophytes was unequal with some exceptions. Moreover, low inhibition percentages were obtained of the morphotypes in dual cultures in vitro with the pathogen, besides most of their interactions favouring the luxurious growth of the pathogen. Therefore, direct role of the endophytes to the tolerance of the accessions seems nonexistent if not minimal. However, heightened hormonal secretions like auxins by the crop need to be investigated to determine whether the endophytes are enhancing its production to enable the plants tolerate the pathogen damage through compensatory growth strategies

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