Food Processing

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Evaluation of the Knowledge and Activities of a Local Community in Mwea Endemic with Schistosomiasis
(IISTE, 2017) Edward, Okonjo; Dorcas, Yole; Dorington, Ogoyi
Evaluation of the Knowledge and Activities of a Local Community in Mwea Endemic with Schistosomiasis
Exposure assessment to staphylococcus enterotoxins in Nile tilapia supplied through semi-regulated and unregulated value chains
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021-01-01) Onjong, Hillary Adawo; Ntuli, Victor; Mwaniki, Mercy; Njage, Patrick Murigu Kamau
The objective of this study was to estimate the risk associated with staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) exposure from the consumption of Nile tilapia supplied through the semi-regulated and unregulated value chains in Kenya. The fish supply chain was modeled from landing to consumption of unprocessed (fresh) and processed (salted and sun-dried, smoked, filleted) fish. Data related to the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in fish, taking into account survey information on handling, storage, processing and consumption of Nile tilapia were collected from recently completed studies in Kenya. Other model inputs were complemented with data from published and unpublished literature. A probabilistic exposure model was developed with Monte Carlo simulation in Excel add-in software using @Risk software. The simulated levels of S. aureus in fish after handling and storage of salted and sun-dried and smoked fish ranged between 4 log CFU/g and 9.01 log CFU/g (maximum population density), while in fillet, levels of S. aureus following growth during display at retail shops was between 3.10 log CFU/g (5% percentile) and 9.01 log CFU/g (95% percentile). Estimated SE dose per-serving in fish supplied after processing was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the unregulated (ranged between 0.000150 ng (5% percentile) and 30.0 ng (95% percentile)) than semi-regulated chain. The model revealed that the factors with the highest impact on dose of SE per-serving were the time taken to sell the fish at street markets under ambient conditions and refrigerated fish fillets at retail shops followed by cross-contamination from fish handlers most. The model simulated a zero risk of exposure to SEs from fish supplied via the semi-regulated and unregulated value chain if cross-contamination from handlers was eliminated. Therefore, this highlighted the need for good hygiene practices during the handling and storage of fish along the value chain. A significant reduction in the risk of exposure to SE in processed fish was noted when shelf-life was reduced to a maximum of 72 h. Although the model can be used in risk assessments of fish supplied under the same scenarios, the current study revealed data gaps that need to be addressed to improve the risk assessment.
Growth Performance, Metabolic Efficiency and Nutrient Utilization of BALB/C Mice Fed with Diet Made from Leftovers from Cocos nucifera Pulp
(Science Publishing Group, 2019) Ouma, Omondi Gilbert; Bonface, Malala Joel; Baya, Msanzu Joseph; Omukhango, Anjili Christopher; Kamau, Gicharu Gibson; Mae, Huxley Makonde; Mwagandi, Chimbevo Lenny
Shortage of animal feeds as a result of increased demand and competition for scarcely available animal feeds has led to drastic decrease in animal production globally. In Kenya, utilization of various plant parts including leaves, fruits and bark of various plantations is taking center stage. Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) a member of the pulp family Arecaceae has potential to feed animals from its leftovers after utilization for human food. The study sought to analyze proximate nutritional value composition of Coconut pulp leftovers and its formulated diet as well as in vivo growth performance of BALB/c mice. Formulated coconut pulp leftovers were dried before both phytochemical analysis and in vivo growth performance was determined. The Proximate analysis indicated Coconut pulp leftovers contained; 3.50±0.22% crude protein, 34.15±2.48% dry matter, 65.85±3.97% moisture content, 10.50±1.2422% total sugars and 25.00±0.35% total fats. Analysis of formulated coconut pulp diet indicated elevated crude protein 14.23±0.52%, dry matter 35.97±0.52% and total sugars 20.47±4.26% while moisture content 64.10±0.50% and total fats 22.10±0.50% declined. In vivo results for the Coconut pulp leftovers application on mice model to ascertain growth performance were as follows; weight gain 0.80±0.50%, SGR 0.33±0.29%, FCR 241.67±556.67% and conditional factor 0.47±0.12%. For formulated diet it was weight gain 3.90±3.22%, SGR 1.0483±0.91%, FCR 28.23±28.92% and conditional factor 0.58±0.04%. The result indicates Coconut pulp leftovers have potential for animal feeds diet formulation.
Immunological Responses to Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and Intestinal Nematodes Infestation in Children
(Allan et al., 2017) Allan, Lynda A.; Yole, Dorcas S.; Mbai, Fiona N.
Pneumonia is among the leading killer diseases of children under five years in Kenya. The most common bacteriological cause of severe and fatal pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumonia (S. pneumonia). S. pneumoniae is usually carried in the nasopharynx of healthy people, but occasionally leads to invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs), such as meningitis, pneumonia, otitis, sinusitis and bacteremia. Annually, World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the occurrence of one and a half million of deaths in children under five years, mainly in poor countries.In Kenya, A 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV10) introduction into routine immunization schedule has resulted in reduction of the incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal diseases (IPD). However, there is a need to systematically evaluate the confounding factors that limit vaccine efficacy. A common although often overlooked confounding factor in the PCV10 vaccination efficacy is the presence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in humans, particularly in children living in slums. Here the intestinal nematodes are prevalent and their effects result in an immuno-compromised state. We review the possibility of concurrent intestinal nematode infestation altering PCV10-induced responses in children and the need to devise efficacious treatment strategies
Prevalence and Phylogenetic Diversity of Pathogenic Fusarium Species in Genotypes of Wheat Seeds in Three Rift Valley Regions, Kenya
(Otieno P. Kheseli et al., 2021-01-30) Kheseli, Otieno P.; Susan, Imbahale S.; Sheila, Okoth; Otipa, Miriam; Wafula, Wekesa V.
Wheat is a source of nutrients for around 40% world’s population and the second most important cereal crop in Kenya. However, Fusarium head blight (FHB) hinders sustainable sufficient production of the crop, causing both economic and health losses. With the emerging unfavorable climatic changes, effective disease management strategies and adequate seed system are necessary to meet the deficiency. Current information on prevalence of the causative pathogens in varieties of wheat genotypes is a critical prerequisite to such strategies. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of pathogenic Fusarium species in seeds of developed varieties of wheat genotypes in three major wheat-producing regions in Kenya. A total of 260 samples of 18 wheat genotypes from 123 farms were collected. Peptone pentachloronitrobenze agar was used for fungal isolation, while identification of Fusarium spp. was based on the gene encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-alpha) sequence analysis. Fusarium spp. isolated include Fusarium poae, F. tricinctum, F. heterosporum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, Fusarium sp., F. verticillioides, and F. oxysporum. There was no significant difference in prevalence of Fusarium spp. pathogens among the three regions studied. Fusarium spp. diversity index for Nakuru was 2.008, Narok was 1.4603, and Uasin Gishu was 1.2337. Wheat produce from farm-saved seeds yielded 66.25% of the isolates, while the produce from certified commercial wheat seeds yielded 33.75% of the isolates. The significant finding of the study is that Fusarium spp. associated with mycotoxins that contaminate the wheat food chain seem to be flourishing in all the sampled wheat seed genotypes from the regions studied. Information on the prevalence and diversity of the pathogens on persistence of the disease in the crop is critical in advancing integrative FHB control measures.
Sugarcane in vitro culture technology: Opportunities for Kenya’s sugar industry
(springer, 2015) Wekesa, Richard; Onguso, Justus M.; Nyende, Bernard A.; Wamocho, Leonard S.
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is one of the most important crops in Kenya and has wide range of economic importance. The sugar industry contributes up to 15% to the country’s agricultural gross domestic product and an estimated 25% of the population depends on the industry for their livelihood. However, the industry has been facing several challenges including declining yields due to use of poor quality planting materials. There is an increasing pressure to enhance the productivity of sugarcane in order to sustain profitable sugar industries in Kenya, while there are several diseases attacking sugarcane and reducing its quality. Seed multiplication of newly released varieties of sugarcane is one of the major constraints in Kenya as it takes 6-7 years to produce sufficient quantity of improved seed material. In vitro culture offers a practical and fast method for mass propagation of disease-free clonal materials. Successful protocols for shoot tip culture, callus culture, embryo culture, virus free plant production and somatic embryogenesis have already been established. Thus, in vitro technology can be used to enhance productivity of sugarcane in Kenya. Despite several advantages of applying micro-propagation technique in sugarcane such as quick multiplication of newly released varieties, rejuvenation of old deteriorated varieties; production of disease free seed; easy transportation of seed material; elimination of viruses; high cane productivity and sugar yield etc., this technique is not gaining popularity up to the desired extent. There are several constraints like the high cost of production and appearance of some variants in micropropagated population among others. The present article describes the status, challenges and opportunities of in vitro technology for the sugar industry in Kenya. Though, some problems have now been resolved to considerable extents which have been described in this review however, some constraints still require intensive research work to be resolved so that a safe and efficient exploitation of this technique can be ensured in sugarcane seed production programmes for enhanced yields and quality.Keywords: Sugarcane, somaclonal variation, in vitro culture, meristems, micro-propagation, callus

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