Water Supply

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ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP APPROACH IN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES TO HOUSEHOLDS IN BUSIA MUNICIPALITY, KENYA
(University of Eldoret, 2014) Nakhungu, Paul Kombo
Access to safe drinking water remains a challenge for most developing countries including Kenya, which is seen as a water-scarce Country. To enhance its provision, many initiatives have been put in place by the Government of Kenya; the most celebrated being the enactment of the Water Act of 2002, which opened the door for private sector to partner with government to revitalize water service delivery. Despite the introduction of public-private partnership approach in provision of water supply and sanitation services, the problem of accessibility still persist. The purpose of this study was to assess the public-private partnership (PPP) approach in provision of water and sanitation services to household consumers. Specifically, the study looked at water consumption; coverage expansion through public-private partnership approach; contribution of PPP approach in improving quality service delivery; relationship between water sources and household water related health problems and finally challenges facing PPP approach in provision of water supply and sanitation services. The study employed household survey methodology, using questionnaires and interviews to gather the relevant information. Stratified sampling techniques, simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select sample size. Data collected was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively using descriptive statistics. The study found that PPP approach has contributed to improved accessibility to water supply services since the majority (84.4%) of households could access water within a distance less than one kilometre. The study also found that water related health problems in the Municipality are not correlated to water source, thus there must be other factors that contribute to water related health problem in the Municipality. However, the provision of sanitation service is still poor due to the fact that it was still in the hands of local authority. Therefore, the study recommends that sanitation especially garbage collection should be handed over to private firms to provide the services to residents. The study further recommends harmonisation of policies in both private and public sector so as to have comprehensive policy framework that serves the interest of all stakeholders.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF HARVESTED WATER RUNOFF IN MARIGAT DIVISION, KENYA
(University of Eldoret, 2015-10) Magut, Rebecca Jebet
Water is vital to basic livelihoods and economic growth. Marigat division, Baringo County, Kenya experiences water scarcity during the dry periods, a situation that is further aggravated by droughts and erratic rains. During the rainy seasons, a lot of water is lost as runoff which can be harvested and stored in water reservoirs and used for domestic and livestock throughout the dry seasons. This study seeks to identify the source, the reliability of water sources, investigate the willingness of the community to participate in harnessing water runoff, determine suitable sites of water pans for harvesting runoff water to meet Marigat‟s water demand and propose a water supply network for the Marigat community. The study adopts a survey research design. The study was based on systems theory of planning, where smaller components interrelate within and at their hierarchical level. The sampling procedure was based on stratified random sampling size of 383 household heads and 10 key informants. Questionnaires were distributed to the household heads using stratified random sampling while interview schedule were used to obtain information from Focus Group Discussions and key informants. Data was cleaned, coded and entered into SPSS and analysis conducted as per the objectives. Weighted overlay suitability analysis within Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to site the potential sites of water reservoirs, weightings were assigned to each criterion depending upon their relative significance. Water Evaluation and Planning System model (WEAP 21) was used to determine whether the water to be harvested was able to meet the Marigat community‟s water demand thus, a scenario was built from the reference scenario; Creation of new water pans. The results of the reference scenario were validated using observed flows at Marigat Bridge station and WEAP 21 was also used to come up with a water supply network. The research findings indicated that the main source of water in Marigat was surface water from the river. The water sources were not reliable and they are sparse. In addition, the Marigat community has the willingness to harness water runoff and there was significant association between water scarcity and willingness to contribute to the harvesting of water runoff. The results show that with the creation of proposed five new water pans for harvesting runoff in areas facing water scarcity, the unmet domestic and livestock water demand is met up to 2020. There are suitable sites for construction of water pans in the study area. Some of the organizations involved in efforts to avail enough water resources to the Marigat community are: The World Vision, Marigat Child and Care Program (MCPF), Kerio Valley Development Authority (KVDA) and Kenya Rainwater Association. The study will add to the body of knowledge on water resources planning and management skill to alleviate the problem of water shortage especially in dry areas like the study area.
ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MOIBEN RIVER POLLUTION AND IMPROVED DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA
(University of Eldoret, 2018-09) Kiprop, John Kipyegon
As the demand for water in rural Kenya keep increasing due to high population growth, the quality of its supply is being compromised by agriculture related degradation. This study investigated the economic valuation of Moiben river degradation and domestic water supply to the surrounding community for sustainable protection. It employed Contingent Valuation Method to measure the objectives of study which includes; assessing the economic significance of Moiben river to nearby households; examine the relationship of agricultural productivity on degradation of Moiben River; estimating the willingness to pay and factors that influences the likelihood of Willingness To Pay responses for river protection and water supply. A sample of 384 households living along Moiben river in Elgeyo /Marakwet County was studied. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data. To achieve the total value, contingent market scenario was established. Results indicated that Majority of the respondents owns land below 10 acres while minority owns 41 acres and above. Majority of the residents use the river for domestic purposes. Moiben River has played a fundamental role in the lives of the people of Marakwet West. Agriculture is one of the main sources of water pollution. The average amount residents were willing to pay for river protection was Ksh 170 and an addition Ksh 196 for water supply. Based on the results, it was found that there was no statistically significant relationship between Willingness to Pay and age, gender, marital status, education, employment, land size, monthly income and distance from the river as determined by Pearson Correlation. Moreover, the results show that there was statistical significant relationship between household size and WTP as determined by Pearson Correlation. The study recommends that residents be sensitized on environmental protection to adequately address any potential environmental problems associated to water degradation from human activities. Since that there is willingness to pay for domestic water supply, the Government need to consider providing treated piped water
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF SMALL SCALE WATER SUPPLIERS IN EMBAKASI LOCATION, NAIROBI, KENYA
(2016-05-20) Sagwa, Kennedy Muzee
Water is a basic human need. It is required for both domestic and industrial use. In Nairobi, the institution charged with provision of water to the residents is Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company (NWSC). However, NWSC serve only 50% of Nairobi with the rest left to find alternative sources of water. Embakasi location in Nairobi County, which is the study area, is one of the areas of Nairobi city that is inadequately served by NWSC. In addition to the low NWSC network coverage in the Embakasi location, there is irregular water supply owing to rationing with most estates getting water on two days of the week. This situation has led to the emergence of small scale water suppliers who get their water from groundwater resources through boreholes. The study set out to identify households’ concerns regarding water supply; identify environmental problems occasioned by small scale water suppliers, identify the small scale water suppliers and their distribution in Embakasi location; assess their activities and operations; investigate the factors determining location of small scale water supplier; and, identify the challenges they face. Thus, the broad objective of this study was to establish the environmental implications of small scale water suppliers in Embakasi location. The study employed the use of interview schedules, observation, photography, geographic positioning systems (GPS) and questionnaires to get primary data. Through purposive sampling, key informants in the water supply sector were identified and interviewed. With the help of a key informant, small scale water suppliers were identified and interviewed. Household interviews were also carried out. The location was clustered to ensure that all the estates were covered and questionnaires administered to 300 households served by Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company (NWSC) and the small scale water suppliers. A total of 20 small scale water suppliers were identified out of which 15 were interviewed. Results indicate that Embakasi residents mean daily per capita water consumption was 51.3 litres per day per person and majority of them preferred privately supplied water as opposed to being served by NWSC. Indeed, water access has greatly been improved by the small scale water suppliers especially in Embakasi estate (an estate within Embakasi location) where NWSC coverage is very low and in some places non-existent. Availability of good quality water, presence of competition from other operators and distance to customers were some of the factors that determined the location of a water supply business in the location. High fluoride concentration in groundwater was the biggest challenge facing these operators. The main environmental concern identified related to groundwater abstraction in Embakasi include absence of monitoring by Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) and complete disregard to the minimum distance of 800 metres between boreholes as recommended by the Water Act, 2002. The study recommends that WRMA should ensure efficiency in data generation so as to have a more complete database of the water resources in Embakasi location. For environmental stability, the minimum distance of 800 meters between boreholes as set by the Water Act, 2002 should be adhered to. Moreover, buffer zones of natural habitat should be created around boreholes to safeguard against contamination with sewerage water and/or boreholes should not be drilled in densely populated areas.
SYNTHESIS: SMART RAINWATER HARVESTING, STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION TO ENHANCE WATER SECURITY
(Research Publish Journals, 2023-05-05) Okemwa, Sam; Kiprono, Kelvin; Matuku, DR Eng Peter; Kiptum, DR Eng Clement; Kipkorir, Prof Eng Emmanuel
Abstract: This paper presents a novel approach to establish water security through autonomous rainwater harvesting, storage, and distribution mechanisms. The primary focus of the research is on developing a reliable and cost-effective method for harvesting, storing, and distributing rainwater in an autonomous manner, whereby the system is self-regulating in terms of harvesting, storing, and distributing water in response to localized and customized needs or conditions, more especially to communities that are struggling to meet their minimal water demands. The paper aims to develop an integrated and automated system that is capable of collecting, storing, and distributing rainwater in a sustainable manner, with the goal of increasing water security in areas with limited or unreliable water supply as exhibited in arid and semi-arid lands or places with poor water infrastructure conditions. The research will initially explore existing rainwater harvesting systems, including both conventional and innovative designs, in order to identify the most effective methods for harvesting rainwater. This will include looking at appropriate storage, filtration and distribution systems, as well as considering the economic, environmental, and social impacts of these systems, identifying the benefits and drawbacks of their system design deployment. Following this, the research will focus on developing an autonomous rainwater harvesting system that is capable of responding to economic, environmental and social factors in an efficient and cost-effective manner. This will involve the development of an integrated and automated system for collecting, storing and distributing rainwater, with an emphasis on sustainability and water security. The research will consider issues such as water scarcity, resource management, and environmental protection in order to ensure that the autonomous rainwater harvesting system is designed with these considerations in mind. Additionally, it will analyze the cost-effectiveness of the proposed system, and explore potential areas of application for the system. Finally, the paper will provide an assessment of the overall impact of the autonomous rainwater harvesting system on water security and consider the potential for further development and improvement of the system if sustainable. Keywords: rainwater harvesting, distribution mechanisms, distributing water, water security. Title: SYNTHESIS: SMART RAINWATER HARVESTING, STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION TO ENHANCE WATER SECURITY Author: Sam Okemwa, Kelvin Kiprono, DR. Eng. Peter Matuku, DR. Eng. Clement Kiptum, Prof. Eng. Emmanuel Kipkorir International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research ISSN 2348-7607 (Online) Vol. 11, Issue 1, April 2023 - September 2023 Page No: 32-37 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 05-May-2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7898522 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/synthesis-smart-rainwater-harvesting-storage-and-distribution-to-enhance-water-security
Vulnerability Assessment of Sustainable Drinking Water Supply and Development in a Changing Climate in Nakuru Town, Kenya
(East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources, 2019-12-24) Keli, Margaret Mwikali; Munyao, Thomas Mutuku; Kipkorir, Emmanuel C.; Shakala, Edward Kokan
The close connection between the climate and the hydrological cycle makes climate change to have a significant impact on water resources with regard to variability, distribution and occurrence. Research wise, climate change has assumed increasing importance from the perspective of development compared to the water environment. In Kenya, key water-related issues facing the country are the effects of climate variability and the steady degradation of the nation’s water resources. Limited research has focused on alleviating the problem as the effects of the water crisis remain wider, deeper and more uncertain requiring immediate attention. Major indicators of existing problems are manifested in lack of information and knowledge on climate-induced changes under natural variability conditions in drinking water regimes, quality, quantity, human health and likely future changes. The study uses a scientific approach based on hydrological analysis focusing on the link between changing climate conditions and drinking water quality and supply issues in Nakuru Municipality. Primary data collection employed measurement and analysis of selected inorganic drinking water quality variables with significant risk to health in the area’s local natural conditions. To explore short and long-term trends of climatic change indicators and their effect on the area’s hydrology, statistical trend analysis of rainfall for a period of 45 years was used. Temperature data used covered a period of 36 years. Water samples were taken to represent important water source points for public supply for ten months (June 2014 to March 2015) and analysed in accordance with standard methods. Data were analysed by trend analysis, descriptive and correlation techniques. Strong, weak and negative trends were observed between water quality variables and rainfall variability. Results show that temporal and spatial variability of rainfall patterns and temperature in the area of study affect surface and groundwater recharge processes, water table, quality, quantity and supply issues. According to the study, the effects of drinking water crisis linked to climate variability and change in terms of prediction methods, frequency, and rate of change, quality and quantity are wider, deeper and more uncertain requiring immediate attention. The existing challenges limit sustainable development, effective long-term planning and management of the areas drinking water resources. The results can be valuable in characterizing and addressing the study area’s water quality conditions and trends.

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