Water Supply

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'Kenya slum upgrading programme 'An anaysis of Kibera intergrated water, sanitation and waste management project
(University of Nairobi Research Archive, 2010) Walubwa, Jacqueline
Kenya has experienced rapid urbanization which has brought about many challenges, one of them being slum proliferation. This brings with it poor infrastructure delivery and a challenge in water and sanitation provision. Kenya, seeking to improve the lives of 5.3 million slum dwellers by 2020 (Kenya 2005) has set up a nationwide intervention in the slum areas. Kibera being one of the largest slum areas in Kenya was chosen as the pilot intervention site. This study was carried out in one of its villages- Soweto East- to determine the impact of the pilot intervention project (Kibera Integrated Water, Sanitation and Waste Management Project, K-WATSAN) being implemented by the Kenya Government and the UN HABITAT. Its main objective was to analyze the impact of the K-WATSAN intervention on the livelihoods of the residents. To achieve this objective the study utilized both secondary and primary sources of data and conducted a field study whereby questionnaires were administered in two villages- Lindi and Soweto East. The former acted as a control village as it had no intervention. Interview data was captured from selected respondents and was used to evaluate the livelihood, access to water and sanitation and community participation in the project. Content analysis and explotary data analysis were used to analyze the data using statistical tools of descriptive measures and methods of central tendencies; further statistical analysis on some selected variables was carried out to analyze the intervention's impact. The results indicated that K-WATSAN project has had a positive impact on the lives of the Soweto East residents in terms of; improved access to water and sanitation situation; improved accessibility and environmental conditions; improved sources of income and 'livelihoods security.The project has also achieved its aim of encouraging community participation in capacity building, empowerment and training of community members through the various trainings and Youth Empowerment Programme present in the settlement. The principles of inclusion, partnerships and sustainability have been reinforced through greater awareness, participation and partnerships in slum improvement. The study thus concluded that K-WATSAN project has had a positive impact in Soweto East and recommended embracing of community participation and proper governance mechanisms for any successful slum intervention on access to water and sanitation.
Introducing Efficient Low Cost Smoked Pots for Water Purification for Developing Countries
(OMICS Publishing Group, 2013) Chung, Dong H.; Kimatu, Josphert N.; Nyariki, Kelvin O.; Su, Kim J.; Onura, Karren N.; Kitheka, Johnson U.
Ceramic materials are easy to make using most African soils. They have been used for a long time mainly forcooking and water storage. However, in other low income economies these clay ceramic filters have been shown tohave the potential of being improved by being embedded with carbonaceous materials for water purification. In thisresearch we have produced efficient physiological and biological gravity operated smoked pots for water purification.We used well calculated volume ratios of black clay, red and sand soils (B:R:S) and soil balls; All these were baked atdifferent smoke infusing kiln temperatures for efficient water purification. We analyzed water purification efficienciesof the pot ceramics and the trickling rates at different conditions. We isolated the best B:R:S to be the 40:40:20. Wefound significant reductions in turbidity (99.95%), salinity (21.42%), microbial populations, total dissolved solutes(TDS) (17.19%), pH (1.39%) and electrical conductivity (EC) (16.92%). These ceramics can be crucial for commonor nomadic communities in sub-Saharan rural areas and in times of disaster to guarantee a cheap continued supplyof clean potable water for better health amongst the low income earning societies.
Effect of Socio-economic Factors on Access to Improved Water Sources and Basic Sanitation in Bomet Municipality, Kenya
(Semantic Scholar, 2013-12-20) Koskei, E.C.; Koskei, R.C.; Koske, M.C.; Koech, H.K.
The study presents data collected in an assessment on the effects of socioeconomic factors on access to improved water sources and basic sanitation in Bomet municipality. Bomet municipality is one of the areas in Kenya where water borne diseases such as intestinal worms, diarrhea and bilharzia are most prevalent. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between socioeconomic factors and access to improved water and basic sanitation. A Multi-stage random sampling method was used to obtain the sample. The questionnaire was the main instrument for data collection. Analysis of data was done using the SPSS. Chi-Square test at 5% level of significance was used to analyze socioeconomic factors that determined household access to improved water and sanitation. The findings show that households' characteristics such as occupation and education level of the household head have a strong impact on the type of water source used by household as indicated by significance level of 0.01. The study also confirms that the type of toilet facility used by household was significantly influenced by the marital status of household head as indicated by significance level of 0.02. There is need for inclusive growth, basic education and women empowerment in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP APPROACH IN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES TO HOUSEHOLDS IN BUSIA MUNICIPALITY, KENYA
(University of Eldoret, 2014) Nakhungu, Paul Kombo
Access to safe drinking water remains a challenge for most developing countries including Kenya, which is seen as a water-scarce Country. To enhance its provision, many initiatives have been put in place by the Government of Kenya; the most celebrated being the enactment of the Water Act of 2002, which opened the door for private sector to partner with government to revitalize water service delivery. Despite the introduction of public-private partnership approach in provision of water supply and sanitation services, the problem of accessibility still persist. The purpose of this study was to assess the public-private partnership (PPP) approach in provision of water and sanitation services to household consumers. Specifically, the study looked at water consumption; coverage expansion through public-private partnership approach; contribution of PPP approach in improving quality service delivery; relationship between water sources and household water related health problems and finally challenges facing PPP approach in provision of water supply and sanitation services. The study employed household survey methodology, using questionnaires and interviews to gather the relevant information. Stratified sampling techniques, simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select sample size. Data collected was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively using descriptive statistics. The study found that PPP approach has contributed to improved accessibility to water supply services since the majority (84.4%) of households could access water within a distance less than one kilometre. The study also found that water related health problems in the Municipality are not correlated to water source, thus there must be other factors that contribute to water related health problem in the Municipality. However, the provision of sanitation service is still poor due to the fact that it was still in the hands of local authority. Therefore, the study recommends that sanitation especially garbage collection should be handed over to private firms to provide the services to residents. The study further recommends harmonisation of policies in both private and public sector so as to have comprehensive policy framework that serves the interest of all stakeholders.
Improving households knowledge and attitude on water, sanitation, and hygiene practices through school health programme in Nyakach, Kisumu County in Western Kenya
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014) Wasonga, Job; Olang’o, Charles O.; Kioli, Felix N.
The global problem of access to improved sanitation and water management practices has been compounded by the gap existing between knowledge and practice as well as attitude. The aim of this study was to assess households' knowledge and attitude on water, sanitation, and hygiene practices through a school health programme. Semistructured questionnaires, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and observation checklist were used to obtain information from 95 households which were systematically sampled. It was found that a school programme may not improve the gap between knowledge, attitude, and practice but may be good for future generations. This was found to be due to sociocultural issues which impede hygiene transformation. The implication is that health programmes must find innovative ways of bridging this gap in order to bring change in households through culture sensitive interventions.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF HARVESTED WATER RUNOFF IN MARIGAT DIVISION, KENYA
(University of Eldoret, 2015-10) Magut, Rebecca Jebet
Water is vital to basic livelihoods and economic growth. Marigat division, Baringo County, Kenya experiences water scarcity during the dry periods, a situation that is further aggravated by droughts and erratic rains. During the rainy seasons, a lot of water is lost as runoff which can be harvested and stored in water reservoirs and used for domestic and livestock throughout the dry seasons. This study seeks to identify the source, the reliability of water sources, investigate the willingness of the community to participate in harnessing water runoff, determine suitable sites of water pans for harvesting runoff water to meet Marigat‟s water demand and propose a water supply network for the Marigat community. The study adopts a survey research design. The study was based on systems theory of planning, where smaller components interrelate within and at their hierarchical level. The sampling procedure was based on stratified random sampling size of 383 household heads and 10 key informants. Questionnaires were distributed to the household heads using stratified random sampling while interview schedule were used to obtain information from Focus Group Discussions and key informants. Data was cleaned, coded and entered into SPSS and analysis conducted as per the objectives. Weighted overlay suitability analysis within Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to site the potential sites of water reservoirs, weightings were assigned to each criterion depending upon their relative significance. Water Evaluation and Planning System model (WEAP 21) was used to determine whether the water to be harvested was able to meet the Marigat community‟s water demand thus, a scenario was built from the reference scenario; Creation of new water pans. The results of the reference scenario were validated using observed flows at Marigat Bridge station and WEAP 21 was also used to come up with a water supply network. The research findings indicated that the main source of water in Marigat was surface water from the river. The water sources were not reliable and they are sparse. In addition, the Marigat community has the willingness to harness water runoff and there was significant association between water scarcity and willingness to contribute to the harvesting of water runoff. The results show that with the creation of proposed five new water pans for harvesting runoff in areas facing water scarcity, the unmet domestic and livestock water demand is met up to 2020. There are suitable sites for construction of water pans in the study area. Some of the organizations involved in efforts to avail enough water resources to the Marigat community are: The World Vision, Marigat Child and Care Program (MCPF), Kerio Valley Development Authority (KVDA) and Kenya Rainwater Association. The study will add to the body of knowledge on water resources planning and management skill to alleviate the problem of water shortage especially in dry areas like the study area.
My Water, My Choice! The Role of Citizens in Ensuring Equitable Access to Water in Soweto East Village—Nairobi
(Research Gate, 2016-01) Walubwa, Jacqueline
The chapter highlights the local governance structure of disenfranchised citizens and their role in self-mobilization to enforce democratic innovations in governing their water resources, an important issue confronting the governing of urban Africa. In the wake of lack of accomplishment of the Millennium Development Goals, these failures manifest themselves in the form of competition for urban services with an increasingly high rate of inequality between planned and unplanned settlements, further depicting a lack of leadership in policy implementation and political goodwill of the governance systems in upholding the sustainability agenda. Ethnographic surveys and interviews were used to acquire information relevant to the study and indicate that citizen empowerment is a panacea to development.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF SMALL SCALE WATER SUPPLIERS IN EMBAKASI LOCATION, NAIROBI, KENYA
(2016-05-20) Sagwa, Kennedy Muzee
Water is a basic human need. It is required for both domestic and industrial use. In Nairobi, the institution charged with provision of water to the residents is Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company (NWSC). However, NWSC serve only 50% of Nairobi with the rest left to find alternative sources of water. Embakasi location in Nairobi County, which is the study area, is one of the areas of Nairobi city that is inadequately served by NWSC. In addition to the low NWSC network coverage in the Embakasi location, there is irregular water supply owing to rationing with most estates getting water on two days of the week. This situation has led to the emergence of small scale water suppliers who get their water from groundwater resources through boreholes. The study set out to identify households’ concerns regarding water supply; identify environmental problems occasioned by small scale water suppliers, identify the small scale water suppliers and their distribution in Embakasi location; assess their activities and operations; investigate the factors determining location of small scale water supplier; and, identify the challenges they face. Thus, the broad objective of this study was to establish the environmental implications of small scale water suppliers in Embakasi location. The study employed the use of interview schedules, observation, photography, geographic positioning systems (GPS) and questionnaires to get primary data. Through purposive sampling, key informants in the water supply sector were identified and interviewed. With the help of a key informant, small scale water suppliers were identified and interviewed. Household interviews were also carried out. The location was clustered to ensure that all the estates were covered and questionnaires administered to 300 households served by Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company (NWSC) and the small scale water suppliers. A total of 20 small scale water suppliers were identified out of which 15 were interviewed. Results indicate that Embakasi residents mean daily per capita water consumption was 51.3 litres per day per person and majority of them preferred privately supplied water as opposed to being served by NWSC. Indeed, water access has greatly been improved by the small scale water suppliers especially in Embakasi estate (an estate within Embakasi location) where NWSC coverage is very low and in some places non-existent. Availability of good quality water, presence of competition from other operators and distance to customers were some of the factors that determined the location of a water supply business in the location. High fluoride concentration in groundwater was the biggest challenge facing these operators. The main environmental concern identified related to groundwater abstraction in Embakasi include absence of monitoring by Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) and complete disregard to the minimum distance of 800 metres between boreholes as recommended by the Water Act, 2002. The study recommends that WRMA should ensure efficiency in data generation so as to have a more complete database of the water resources in Embakasi location. For environmental stability, the minimum distance of 800 meters between boreholes as set by the Water Act, 2002 should be adhered to. Moreover, buffer zones of natural habitat should be created around boreholes to safeguard against contamination with sewerage water and/or boreholes should not be drilled in densely populated areas.
The Effect of Consultant Related and External Factors on Completion of Water Projects in Kakamega County, Kenya
(International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research, 2016-09) Kanda, Edwin; Muchelule, Yusuf; Mamadi, Simon; Musiega, Douglas
Abstract Inability to complete projects is among the challenges faced in the course of executing construction projects. The most widely used project success criterion is meeting time, quality and cost requirements. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of consultant related and external factors on completion of water projects in Kakamega County, Kenya. The instrument of data collection was questionnaires. The target population consisted of 104 employees working for two water projects in Mumias and Lugari both in management and lower levels. Simple random sampling was used to select 90 who formed the sample size out of which, 74 respondents returned the questionnaires representing 82% response rate. Analysis of data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics using correlation and regression. Consultant related factors considered included experience, skilled personnel, coordination, site supervision and decision-making ability and they had a significantly fairly strong positive relationship with project completion ( r = 0.583, p < 0.05). External factors of political interference, industrial action, regulation, taxation and material unavailability in the market had a weak but significant positive relationship (r = 0.312, p < 0.05) with project completion. The overall regression model gave R2 of 0.409. This showed that that the variations around the means in consultant related and external factors is about 41%.Key words: Kakamega County, consultant related factors, external factors, project cost, project completion time and project quality
Can Sanitary Surveys Replace Water Quality Testing? Evidence from Kisii, Kenya
(MDPI, 2017-02-07) Misati, Aaron Gichaba; Ogendi, George; Peletz, Rachel; Khush, Ranjiv; Kumpel, Emily
Information about the quality of rural drinking water sources can be used to manage their safety and mitigate risks to health. Sanitary surveys, which are observational checklists to assess hazards present at water sources, are simpler to conduct than microbial tests. We assessed whether sanitary survey results were associated with measured indicator bacteria levels in rural drinking water sources in Kisii Central, Kenya. Overall, thermotolerant coliform (TTC) levels were high: all of the samples from the 20 tested dug wells, almost all (95%) of the samples from the 25 tested springs, and 61% of the samples from the 16 tested rainwater harvesting systems were contaminated with TTC. There were no significant associations between TTC levels and overall sanitary survey scores or their individual components. Contamination by TTC was associated with source type (dug wells and springs were more contaminated than rainwater systems). While sanitary surveys cannot be substituted for microbial water quality results in this context, they could be used to identify potential hazards and contribute to a comprehensive risk management approach.
The role of women in generating data for environmental sustainability discourse - a water governance approach
(Africa Journals Online, 2018) Walubwa, Jacqueline A.
‘Leave no one behind’ is the overarching Sustainable Development Goal motto for the world development order in the 21st century. SDG 5 roots for gender equality and inclusivity thus recognising women as part of the global citizens who are active doers in their environment as they form 50.1 per cent of the sub-Saharan Africa population. They thus have a role in generating data for their well-being. African scholarship has been wrought by a lack of city-wide data and especially gender specific data. This paper explores the role of women who live in informal settlements in producing environmental data about water specific items therein. It will go further to explore their representation in the governance processes. The methodology used in this paper is an exploration of water governance studies carried out in Nairobi’s (Kenya) informal settlements to analyse what kind of data women generate, their perceptions and how significant this data is in the policy making process. It uses both ethnographic and cross disciplinary action research and suggests that women have a near perfect lack of representation in data generation whilst recommending the need for them to be actively involved and included in the sustainability discourse all the while using the correct terminology as boundary terms.Keywords: Governance, Environmental Sustainability, Women, Informal Settlements, Africa
Effects of Population Growth on Urban Extent and Supply of Water and Sanitation: Case of Nakuru Municipality, Kenya
(Macrothink institute, 2018-01-08) Muoria, Elizabeth W.; Moturi, Wilkister N.; Eshiamwata, George W.
Urbanization causes changes in social and environmental conditions with most of these changes impacting on the efficient provision of essential services such as water and sanitation. Nakuru Municipality was observed to be the fastest growing urban area in East and Central Africa. Research on patterns and trends of urban and population increase and their implication on water service provision and sanitation in urban Nakuru is very scanty. This paper presents findings from an assessment of the effects of population growth between 1999 and 2017 on urban extent and supply of water and sewage reticulation in Nakuru municipality and surrounding peri-urban areas. Data was collected through remote sensing and administration of questionnaires to urban Nakuru residents and key informants from NAWASSCO respectively to elicit information on the water supply network and sewerage reticulation in Nakuru municipality for the period 1989-2014. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to analyze the data on time series. The results indicate that the population of Nakuru municipality and surrounding peri-urban areas has increased by 56.8% whereas that of built-up area has increased by 182.5% in the same period through densification of the urban core and expansion to the peri-urban areas characterized by urban sprawl. The water supply network and sewerage reticulation increased by 236km and 89km respectively within Nakuru municipality. The analysis of the maps shows that water supply network and sewerage reticulation are concentrated in the area around the urban core with very little spread. This means that the residents on the outskirts of Nakuru Municipality are not well served by the water supply network and sewerage reticulation. The study recommends involvement of all stakeholders in urban planning and in the water sector in order to increase water supply network and sewerage reticulation coverage both in the urban and peri-urban areas.
Influence of Adherence to Quality Management System Standards on Access to Water and Sanitation Services in Kenya
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 2018-02-23) Journals, Iosr
In Kenya, over 3,100 children die annually for using unsafe water and poor sanitation. In the2015/2016 financial year, access to water in Kenya stood at 54% for urban and 51% for rural areas. This lowaccess to water and sanitation services could be as a result of the management practices in the water servicesproviders. Previous studies have revealed the unsuccessful attempts to improve access of water and sanitationservices through privatization and structural reforms in the water sector. These studies did not assess howmanagement practices such as the quality management system can enhance access to water and sanitationservices. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of the level of adherence to qualitymanagement system standards on access to water and sanitation services. The study adopted a combination ofdescriptive and explanatory research designs. The target population consisted of the 86 water service providersin Kenya. The sample comprised 70 water service providers who were selected using the stratified randomsampling. The respondents of the study included the 70 general managers of the selected water serviceproviders. Primary data was collected by the use of questionnaires. Secondary data was obtained from the 2016 /2017 WASREB report. The instruments were tested for validity and reliability through the content validityindex (CVI=0.833) and the Cronbach alpha ’ s internal consistency index (a=0.773) for reliability. The studyfound that thelevel of adherence to quality management system standards significantly influenced the access towater and a sanitation service in Kenya (t=15.7, p<0.05).The study recommended that the management of thewater service providers should strengthen the level of adherence to quality management system standards toenhance access to water and sanitation services to the members of the public.
Precipitation Sensitivity to the Uncertainty of Terrestrial Water Flow in WRF-Hydro: An Ensemble Analysis for Central Europe
(American Meteorological Society, 2018-06) Arnault, Joel; Rummler, Thomas; Baur, Florian; Lerch, Sebastian; Wagner, Sven; Fersch, Benjamin; Zhang, Zhenyu; Kerandi, Noah M.; Keil, Christian; Kunstmann, Harald
Precipitation is affected by soil moisture spatial variability. However, this variability is not well represented in atmospheric models that do not consider soil moisture transport as a three-dimensional process. This study investigates the sensitivity of precipitation to the uncertainty in the representation of terrestrial water flow. The tools used for this investigation are the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and its hydrologically enhanced version, WRF-Hydro, applied over central Europe during April–October 2008. The model grid is convection permitting, with a horizontal spacing of 2.8 km. The WRF-Hydro subgrid employs a 280-m resolution to resolve lateral terrestrial water flow. A WRF/WRF-Hydro ensemble is constructed by modifying the parameter controlling the partitioning between surface runoff and infiltration and by varying the planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme. This ensemble represents terrestrial water flow uncertainty originating from the consideration of resolved lateral flow, terrestrial water flow uncertainty in the vertical direction, and turbulence parameterization uncertainty. The uncertainty of terrestrial water flow noticeably increases the normalized ensemble spread of daily precipitation where topography is moderate, surface flux spatial variability is high, and the weather regime is dominated by local processes. The adjusted continuous ranked probability score shows that the PBL uncertainty improves the skill of an ensemble subset in reproducing daily precipitation from the E-OBS observational product by 16%–20%. In comparison to WRF, WRF-Hydro improves this skill by 0.4%–0.7%. The reproduction of observed daily discharge with Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients generally above 0.3 demonstrates the potential of WRF-Hydro in hydrological science.
Hydraulic and clogging characteristics of Moistube irrigation as influenced by water quality
(IWA, 2018-06-12) Kanda, Edwin Kimutai; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Senzanje, Aidan
Irrigation consumes approximately 70% of total freshwater use worldwide. This necessitates the use of efficient irrigation methods such as micro-irrigation. Moistube irrigation (MI) is a new subsurface irrigation technology where the water emits from a semi-permeable membrane of the Moistube at a slow rate depending on the applied pressure and soil water potential. There is currently limited information on the performance of Moistube tapes with respect to discharge as a function of pressure or water quality. The aim of this study was to determine the flow characteristics of Moistube tapes as a function of pressure and the effect of suspended and dissolved solids on the emission characteristics. The pressure–discharge relationship was determined within a range of 20 kPa and 100 kPa. The clogging of the Moistube was determined using water containing low, moderate and high concentrations of suspended and dissolved solids at 20 kPa and 30 kPa. The results indicated that the Moistube discharge follows a power function with the applied pressure. The discharge decreased linearly over time because of clogging. Suspended solids had a more severe clogging effect on Moistube than dissolved solids. The results of this study should help in the design, operation and maintenance of MI systems.
ECONOMIC VALUATION OF MOIBEN RIVER POLLUTION AND IMPROVED DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY IN ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA
(University of Eldoret, 2018-09) Kiprop, John Kipyegon
As the demand for water in rural Kenya keep increasing due to high population growth, the quality of its supply is being compromised by agriculture related degradation. This study investigated the economic valuation of Moiben river degradation and domestic water supply to the surrounding community for sustainable protection. It employed Contingent Valuation Method to measure the objectives of study which includes; assessing the economic significance of Moiben river to nearby households; examine the relationship of agricultural productivity on degradation of Moiben River; estimating the willingness to pay and factors that influences the likelihood of Willingness To Pay responses for river protection and water supply. A sample of 384 households living along Moiben river in Elgeyo /Marakwet County was studied. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data. To achieve the total value, contingent market scenario was established. Results indicated that Majority of the respondents owns land below 10 acres while minority owns 41 acres and above. Majority of the residents use the river for domestic purposes. Moiben River has played a fundamental role in the lives of the people of Marakwet West. Agriculture is one of the main sources of water pollution. The average amount residents were willing to pay for river protection was Ksh 170 and an addition Ksh 196 for water supply. Based on the results, it was found that there was no statistically significant relationship between Willingness to Pay and age, gender, marital status, education, employment, land size, monthly income and distance from the river as determined by Pearson Correlation. Moreover, the results show that there was statistical significant relationship between household size and WTP as determined by Pearson Correlation. The study recommends that residents be sensitized on environmental protection to adequately address any potential environmental problems associated to water degradation from human activities. Since that there is willingness to pay for domestic water supply, the Government need to consider providing treated piped water
First record of dwarf Victorian mouthbrooder Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae (Schöller, 1903) in Lake Naivasha, Kenya, including data on its molecular identification: Management implications
(John Wiley & Sons ltd, 2018-09-30) Otachi, Elick O.; Rindoria, Nehemiah M.; Medhanit, Meri M.; Ayeka, Peter A.; Wąs-Barcz, Anna
The present study describes the first record of 83 Dwarf Victorian mouthbrooder (Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae Seegers, 2000) newly discovered in Lake Naivasha, Kenya, in January 2016. Membership of the species was determined on the basis of morphometric characteristics and molecular analysis. The average length (±SD) of the fish was 6.95 ± 0.86 cm, and average weight was 5.59 ± 1.99 g. The body is normal/fusiform, the dorsal head profile convex-shaped, the mouth is terminal with bright blue lips, and the anal fin with a reddish tip, being distinctive features of the fish. The sequences of subunit I cytochrome oxidase (COI) and cytochrome b (cyt b) genes obtained in the present study were compared with records deposited in BoldSystem and NCBI databases. Using two genetic markers enabled unambiguous determination of the species membership. The queried specimen was assigned to the Cichlidae family, as Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae (100–96.68% similarity). These results constitute the baseline study for this fish in Lake Naivasha.
Access to Water in Kenya’s Coast Region: A Challenge to Community Development and Poverty Alleviation in Lamu County
(Kenya Aquatica Journal, 2018-11-30) Ignatius, David O.; Hassan, Farida A.; Morara, George N.; Osore, Melckzedeck K.; Mutua, Benedict; Kitaka, Nzula K.
Water is considered a basic commodity and essential for life - living on planet earth is dependent on it. However, access to water has been and will continue to be a dilemma for a majority of the residents at the coast of Kenya. A close look at the window on “Coastal Resources and People” reveals that water is a key resource but despite its immense importance, many people especially in the rural areas and the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMG’s) do not have adequate access to potable, reliable and convenient sources of water. Lamu, currently considered among water scarce counties in Kenya as per the Lamu County Integrated Development Plan (http://lamu.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/LAMU_CIDP-Revised.June_2014-1.pdf), faces serious challengeof provision of potable water to its residents. With the influx of people from other parts of the country as a result of the implementation of the Kenya Vision 2030 flagship project - Lamu Port Southern Sudan Ethiopia Transport Corridor (LAPSSET), the current water stresses is only expected to worsen. The Lamu County Government plans to address the ever-increasing demand for access to water but resources to actualise these plans are yet to be consolidated. To complement this situation, Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), a World Bank funded project is working with local communities in Lamu in thedevelopment and implementation of community-led water projects targeting to increasing access to water at household level.This paper will focus on community-based approaches to understand the water-web in Lamu East Sub-County to provide an assessment of opportunities, challenges and sustainability implications. Primary data is used on surveys, Social Assessment (SA) Vulnerable and Marginalised Group Plan (VMGP), observations and recommendations from the Lamu CIDP. It further proposes that of direct usage of saline water, seawater or brackish water, for sanitation purposes could alleviate the freshwater shortage.
Rendering local commons sustainable : an informal water and sanitation context
(Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd, 2019-03-01) A. Walubwa, Jacqueline
Governing common property suggests that strict governance systems be put in place to sustainably and resiliently ensure that institutions have a long-standing tenure. The outcomes of each institution vary depending on the collective action bestowed and the local arrangements. The action is highly dependent on the rational choice of the community actors, who strategically choose to see that their cooperative behaviours will act to the advantage of their common property. This can only occur in a climate of trust and reciprocity in polycentric systems which are self-governed. This paper suggests using Ostrom’s design principles to govern local, human-made common property and further proposes the features that make for resilient informal systems. This theory is tested using an informal water and sanitation system as well as reviewing literature from second generation scholars.
Household Water Handling Practices in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Kenya
(2019-04-13) Kurui, Edith J.; Ogendi, George M.; Nyawanga, Wilkister N. Moturi and Dishon O.; Kurui, Edith J.; Ogendi, George M.; Nyawanga, Wilkister N. Moturi and Dishon O.
Utilisation of water from unimproved water sources coupled with inadequate access to sanitation can adversely affect human health. This study undertaken from November 2014 to March, 2015 sought to assess the household water handling practices and relate them to the prevalent diseases in Baringo Central and South, Kenya. A Household sanitary survey was conducted and questionnaires were administered to 100 household heads within the study area. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that 72% of the households (n = 100) collected water for cooking and drinking from the water pans. Only 34% of the households treated water commonly using boiling (19%), filtration with cloth (2%), chlorine (11%) before using it for drinking. There was a positive correlation between methods used in accessing water from drinking water storage containers and water related diseases prevalent in the study area (p < 0.05). Household drinking water in the study area did not meet the WHO drinking water quality guidelines mainly due to poor handling practices at the household level. There is a need to promote water, sanitation and hygiene campaigns in the study area to prevent water related diseases at the household level.

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