Agroforestry

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16S Rrna Gene Amplicon-Based Metagenomic Analysis of Bacterial Communities in the Rhizospheres of Selected Mangrove Species from Mida Creek and Gazi Bay, Kenya
(PLOS ONE, 2021-03-23) Muwawa Edith M.; Obieze Chinedu C.; Makonde Huxley M.; Jefwa Joyce M.; Kahindi James H. P.; Khasa Damase P.
Prokaryotic communities play key roles in biogeochemical transformation and cycling of nutrients in the productive mangrove ecosystem. In this study, the vertical distribution of rhizosphere bacteria was evaluated by profiling the bacterial diversity and community structure in the rhizospheres of four mangrove species (Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal and Avicennia marina) from Mida Creek and Gazi Bay, Kenya, using DNA-metabarcoding. Alpha diversity was not significantly different between sites, but, significantly higher in the rhizospheres of S. alba and R. mucronata in Gazi Bay than in Mida Creek. Chemical parameters of the mangrove sediments significantly correlated inversely with alpha diversity metrics. The bacterial community structure was significantly differentiated by geographical location, mangrove species and sampling depth, however, differences in mangrove species and sediment chemical parameters explained more the variation in bacterial community structure. Proteobacteria (mainly Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) was the dominant phylum while the families Desulfobacteraceae, Pirellulaceae and Syntrophobacteraceae were dominant in both study sites and across all mangrove species. Constrained redundancy analysis indicated that calcium, potassium, magnesium, electrical conductivity, pH, nitrogen, sodium, carbon and salinity contributed significantly to the species–environment relationship. Predicted functional profiling using PICRUSt2 revealed that pathways for sulfur and carbon metabolism were significantly enriched in Gazi Bay than Mida Creek. Overall, the results indicate that bacterial community composition and their potential function are influenced by mangrove species and a fluctuating influx of nutrients in the mangrove ecosystems of Gazi Bay and Mida Creek.
Adoption and Implementation of Devolved Farm Forestry Extension Services from Kenya Forest Service to County Governments: Socio-Economic Wellbeing of Rural Communities and Experiences from Homabay County, Kenya
(East African Nature and Science Organization, 2022-01-31) Ojijo, Akoth Lucy; Kipkosgei, Sirmah Peter; Kibiwot, Matonyei Thomas
In Kenya, all forestry functions were National Government affairs until 2013 when farm forestry extension was devolved to the 47 Counties, Homabay County being one of them. However, the adoption and extent of implementation of the devolved farm forestry extension services are little known and its impact on rural livelihoods has not been effectively established as well as the implementation of the Transition Implementation Plan by the County Government of Homabay is not evident. Structured questionnaires were administered purposively to 399 respondents spread in eight Sub-Counties of Homabay to gather data on the extent of implementation of the devolved farm forestry extension services, to evaluate socio-economic effects of farm forestry extension services to rural communities and the extent of adoption of devolved farm forestry extension services. Results indicate the extent of adoption of farm forestry extension services is low with the farmers expressing that as much as it’s a devolved function, it is not an active process within the rural communities (82%). The key socio-economic factors that affect the adoption and implementation of devolved farm forestry are; farmers level of income for purchase of tree seeds (61%), market availability for tree seedlings (44%), land sizes and tenure systems (68%). The extent of implementation was influenced by County Government budget allocation and prioritization (67%), availability of qualified personnel (81%), government policies on interactions between the two levels of governments (49%) and obligation to the Transition Implementation Plan (89%). The results suggest that County Government needs to prioritize budget allocation and have adequate personnel as means to adequately implement the devolved functions and also to implement the Transition Implementation Plan as laid down by the Kenya Forest Service.
Agricultural Residues as an Alternative Source of Fibre for the Production of Paper in Kenya A Review
(Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2021-07-10) Otieno J. O; Okumu T. N; Adalla Morelly; Ogutu Fredrick; Oure Boniface
Abstract The pulp and paper industry is primarily dependent on fibrous wood for pulp and paper production. However, this over-dependence on fibrous wood poses serious environmental challenges such as the diminishing of the fibrous wood stocks, deforestation, emission of greenhouse gases, and global warming. Therefore, to mitigate these environmental challenges associated with its utilization for paper and pulp production, other sustainable raw material sources can also be considered for the production of paper and pulp. There are enormous benefits associated with the utilization of non-wood fibres as an alternative and sustainable raw materials source for the production of paper and pulp. These benefits have in the recent past prompted millers in China, India, Brazil, and the USA to consider the utilization of non-wood fibres in paper and pulp production. In Kenya, the pulp and paper industry is very much dependent on fibrous wood for production and the industry is yet to fully embrace the utilization of nonwood fibres for paper and pulp production. Further, the dependence on fibrous wood has contributed significantly to the decline of paper pulp and paper production, deforestation, and rise in paper importations due to insufficient raw material supplies. The importation of paper and pulp products has further led to the collapse of the paper industry in Kenya. The sector stands a chance of revival and vibrancy through the utilization of the abundant agricultural residues and feedstocks lying in the agricultural fields across the country. Similar experiences elsewhere have proved that the abundance of agricultural waste can be utilized for the production of paper and pulp due to their excellent fibre content for specialty papers, and easy pulpability. The agricultural residues are therefore considered a quintessential alternative and sustainable source of raw materials for the pulp and paper industry. Moreover, their utilization will mitigate environmental impacts such as deforestation, climate change, and pollution .
Agriculture Projects Offered for Examinations in Secondary Education:: Perceptions towards Factors Influencing Initiation and Implementation in Kisii District,Kenya Paperback
(‎ LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012-03-14) Nyang'au Martha K.
Agriculture projects were introduced in Secondary Education examinations in 1989 to equip learners with basic skills for self-reliance. However, the primary objective is often down played. The initiation and implementation of the projects might be poor since schools struggle to exploit the examination process at the expense of equipping learners with the practical skills; hence there is need for improvement. It is recommended that the Ministry of Education should organize regular workshops to develop and sustain the positive perceptions of school principals and agriculture teachers towards factors influencing project initiation and implementation. And to encourage co-operation among them during initiation. Further, the Ministry, should incorporate in the training curriculum for agriculture educators the factors perceived to be influencing the projects. School principals, and possibly Board of Governors should provide financial resources to improve and sustain positive perceptions of learners towards the factors influencing implementation of the projects
An assessment of morphological and physiological traits that correlate with faster growth rate and high biomass production in Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne seedlings
(Advances in Life Science and Technology, 2015) Kireger, Eliud K.; Rop, Simon K.
Presently, there are no procedures for selecting superior genotypes at seedling stage. We do not know which morphological or physiological characteristics can be used to predict superior growth in trees. Field testing of genotypes requires a substantial amount of time and money before a genotype shows significant promise in the field. For this reason, morphological and physiological parameters that correlate with growth rate were sought as early indicators of field performance. Six seed provenances of Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne collected from areas of varying aridity where compared in biomass productivity and gas exchange traits. After 3.5 months of growth, biomass ranged from 1-2 g. Significant provenance variation was observed in total biomass productivity, root dry weight, leaf area, net photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area, stomatal conductance (P<0.001) and leaf transpiration rate (P<0.05). More xeric provenances exhibited lower biomass productivity compared to mesic ones. They also showed lower photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance’s and low photosynthetic capacity. Larger leaf areas, high stomatal conductances and photosynthetic rates appeared to be positively correlated with total biomass productivity since faster growing provenances had a greater leaf area, higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates. Taken together, the results suggest that differences in leaf area, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates (photosynthetic capacity) among provenances may be responsible for the variation in biomass productivity in Acacia tortilis provenances. The probable premise and sequence of physiological events responsible for the variability depends on photosynthetic rate, total leaf area and leaf longevity.
Challenges Affecting the Adoption of Agroforestry Practices around Chepalungu Forest in Bomet County, Kenya
(Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 2018-09-28) Masibo, Monica Mbatha; Hitimana, Joseph; Yegon, Ann Sitienei; Owino, Yuda Odongo
Anthropogenic activities around Chepalungu forest has lead to its reduction in size and has resulted in its degradation. Continued dependency on this forest may result in its total depletion despite its high biological diversity and the value of its natural resources. Farmers in the area have been largely uninterested in adopting agroforestry practice around Chepalungu forest, despite the potential for these practices to reduce demands on the forest. This study identified barriers to adopting agroforestry practices around Chepalungu forest in Bomet County, Kenya. Researchers adopted descriptive survey research design in this study. The study was done in 2016. The study sites were four locations around Chepalungu forest (Bing’wa, Siongiroi, Ndanai, and Abosi), which are 5 km from the forest edge and were selected using simple random sampling method. A total of 377 household questionnaires were administered in the four locations. Chi-Square and Mann Whitney U tests were used in the data analysis. Significance levels were expressed at P<0.05 using SPSS version 17 software. The results showed that there was a significant association (c2= 530.8; P <0.01) between the types of agroforestry practices and challenges affecting the adoption of agroforestry practices. Notable challenges were: damage by animals, damage by man, tree nursery problems, inadequate capital, natural calamities, competing land uses, managerial problems and seed acquisition problems.
Classification and Socio-Economic Benefits of Agroforestry Systems in Soin Ward, Kericho County, Kenya
(East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry, 2022) Korir, Kipkoech Evans; Sirmah, Peter Kipkosgei; Matonyei, Thomas Kibiwot; Simiren, James Ole Nampushi,
Agroforestry Systems (AFS) are integrated land use systems involving trees, agricultural crops, and animals simultaneously or sequentially, with the objective of sustainably increasing their total productivity per unit area. Despite strong literature evidence describing the benefits of agroforestry to livelihoods in other parts of the world, there is little information as such in Soin Ward of Kericho County, where sugarcane competes with tea as a major cash crop. This study aimed at classifying agroforestry systems and evaluating their socio-economic benefits in Soin Ward, Kericho County, Kenya. The study adopted a qualitative research design through the administration of pretested questionnaires on types of agroforestry systems, the scale of production, land utilisation, preference of trees and sugar cane varieties and their interactions with 384 respondents in lower, upper, and midland parts of Soin Ward. Four (4) classes of agroforestry systems were identified that comprised (48.2% agrosilvopastoral, 31.6% agrosilvicultural, and 20.2% silvopastoral); (16.2% protective and 83.8% productive); (45.7% subsistence and 54.3% commercial), and integrated farm-based agroforestry 47.4%, homestead (6.8%), animal farm (31.4%), dairy farm (1.4%), and forest land (13%) respectively. The majority of the respondents (42.7%) preferred Grevillea tree species for blending with sugarcane in a treesugarcane agroforestry system in comparison with cypress (29.4%), eucalyptus (15.1%), casuarina (12.6%), and calliandra (0.2%) respectively. Sixty (61.7%) plant trees along the boundary, 24% as woodlot, hedge raw (8.9%), intercropping/mixed (3.1%), and alley cropping (2.3%). Direct benefits from the identified agroforestry systems include; income (67.6%), food (8.3%), and employment (24.1%). Indirect benefits include provision
Classification and Socio-Economic Benefits of Agroforestry Systems in Soin Ward, Kericho County, Kenya
(East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry, 2022-10-24) Korir, Kipkoech Evans; Sirmah, Peter Kipkosgei; Matonyei, Thomas Kibiwott; Nampushi, James Simiren Ole
Agroforestry Systems (AFS) are integrated land use systems involving trees, agricultural crops, and animals simultaneously or sequentially, with the objective of sustainably increasing their total productivity per unit area. Despite strong literature evidence describing the benefits of agroforestry to livelihoods in other parts of the world, there is little information as such in Soin Ward of Kericho County, where sugarcane competes with tea as a major cash crop. This study aimed at classifying agroforestry systems and evaluating their socio-economic benefits in Soin Ward, Kericho County, Kenya. The study adopted a qualitative research design through the administration of pretested questionnaires on types of agroforestry systems, the scale of production, land utilisation, preference of trees and sugar cane varieties and their interactions with 384 respondents in lower, upper, and midland parts of Soin Ward. Four (4) classes of agroforestry systems were identified that comprised (48.2% agrosilvopastoral, 31.6% agrosilvicultural, and 20.2% silvopastoral); (16.2% protective and 83.8% productive); (45.7% subsistence and 54.3% commercial), and integrated farm-based agroforestry 47.4%, homestead (6.8%), animal farm (31.4%), dairy farm (1.4%), and forest land (13%) respectively. The majority of the respondents (42.7%) preferred Grevillea tree species for blending with sugarcane in a tree-sugarcane agroforestry system in comparison with cypress (29.4%), eucalyptus (15.1%), casuarina (12.6%), and calliandra (0.2%) respectively. Sixty (61.7%) plant trees along the boundary, 24% as woodlot, hedge raw (8.9%), intercropping/mixed (3.1%), and alley cropping (2.3%). Direct benefits from the identified agroforestry systems include; income (67.6%), food (8.3%), and employment (24.1%). Indirect benefits include provision of biofuel (21.9%), enhanced soil fertility (21.1%), bio drainage (20.4%), biodiversity conservation (19.4%), carbon absorption (17.2%), improvement of social amenities such as roads (27.2%), markets (25.8%), hospitals (19.3%), schools (18.5% and electricity (9.2%).Constraints faced by the agroforestry systems include; long waiting payback (39.2%), limited possibilities to sell products (28.3%), labour intensive (27.8%), and knowledge and technology gap (4.7%). Such results are useful for policy-making decisions towards afforestation and improved livelihoods in Kenya
Classification and Socio-Economic Benefits of Agroforestry Systems in Soin Ward, Kericho County, Kenya
(East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry, 2022-10-24) Korir, Kipkoech Evans; Sirmah, Peter Kipkosgei; Matonyei, Thomas Kibiwott; Nampushi, James Simiren Ole
Agroforestry Systems (AFS) are integrated land use systems involving trees, agricultural crops, and animals simultaneously or sequentially, with the objective of sustainably increasing their total productivity per unit area. Despite strong literature evidence describing the benefits of agroforestry to livelihoods in other parts of the world, there is little information as such in Soin Ward of Kericho County, where sugarcane competes with tea as a major cash crop. This study aimed at classifying agroforestry systems and evaluating their socio-economic benefits in Soin Ward, Kericho County, Kenya. The study adopted a qualitative research design through the administration of pretested questionnaires on types of agroforestry systems, the scale of production, land utilisation, preference of trees and sugar cane varieties and their interactions with 384 respondents in lower, upper, and midland parts of Soin Ward. Four (4) classes of agroforestry systems were identified that comprised (48.2% agrosilvopastoral, 31.6% agrosilvicultural, and 20.2% silvopastoral); (16.2% protective and 83.8% productive); (45.7% subsistence and 54.3% commercial), and integrated farm-based agroforestry 47.4%, homestead (6.8%), animal farm (31.4%), dairy farm (1.4%), and forest land (13%) respectively. The majority of the respondents (42.7%) preferred Grevillea tree species for blending with sugarcane in a tree-sugarcane agroforestry system in comparison with cypress (29.4%), eucalyptus (15.1%), casuarina (12.6%), and calliandra (0.2%) respectively. Sixty (61.7%) plant trees along the boundary, 24% as woodlot, hedge raw (8.9%), intercropping/mixed (3.1%), and alley cropping (2.3%). Direct benefits from the identified agroforestry systems include; income (67.6%), food (8.3%), and employment (24.1%). Indirect benefits include provision of biofuel (21.9%), enhanced soil fertility (21.1%), bio drainage (20.4%), biodiversity conservation (19.4%), carbon absorption (17.2%), improvement of social amenities such as roads (27.2%), markets (25.8%), hospitals (19.3%), schools (18.5% and electricity (9.2%).Constraints faced by the agroforestry systems include; long waiting payback (39.2%), limited possibilities to sell products (28.3%), labour intensive (27.8%), and knowledge and technology gap (4.7%). Such results are useful for policy-making decisions towards afforestation and improved livelihoods in Kenya
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Agroforestry Technologies in Semi-Arid Regions of West-Pokot County, Kenya
(2016) Mandila, B.; Hitimana, J.; Kiplagat, K.; Mengich, E.; Namaswa, T.
West-Pokot County, Kenya experiences harsh arid andsemi-arid climatic conditions associated with high povertyindicators. To alleviate poverty, Non-GovernmentalOrganizations initiated projects to promote agroforestryin order to increase sustainable farm forestry managementfor food, energy security and wealth creation. However,adoption of agroforestry technologies has been slowin these regions due to scanty information on theirprofitability. This study determined costs, benefits andbenefit-cost ratios (B/C) of agroforestry technologies inWest-Pokot with the aim of scaling up of profitable andsustainable agroforestry. Purposive sampling techniquewas used to select two sub-locations of the county, Lelanand Chepareria. Systematic random sampling techniquewas used to select 91 and 90 households respectively.Questionnaire based interviews and field observationswere used in collecting data. Mann–Whitney U test wasused for pair wise analysis to determine B/C ratios ofagroforestry technologies in Chepareria and Lelan thatwere significantly different. Boundary tree planting hadthe highest B/C in Lelan (9.4) and Chepareria (6.88),while scattered trees on farm had the lowest B/C of 0.68in Lelan and 1.11 in Chepareria. Mann Whitney U testindicated that the B/C ratios of agroforestry technologiesin Chepareria and Lelan were significantly different (U=210.500, P < 0.005). Boundary planting and fodder banktechnologies had higher B/C in Lelan as compared toChepareria. In conclusion, all agroforestry technologies,except scattered trees on farms in Lelan were profitable inWest-Pokot as they had a B/C greater than 1.
Domestication and Survival of Selected Medicinal Trees and Shrubs in Chapereria Division West Pokot County Kenya
(Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 2019-02-08) Maina, Peris Nyambura; Mandila, Brexidis
Depletion of medicinal plant species as a result of over over-extraction in their natural habitats will have detrimental effects on the livelihood of the locals that herbal medicine is part and parcel of their health systems. Though domestication is the best strategy to conserve medicinal tree and shrub species, most medicinal trees and shrubs have remained undomesticated due to low survival rates and inadequate information on the best strategies to improve survival rates. This study was designated to determine the domestication level and survival rates of selected medicinal tree and shrub species in the semi-arid regions of Chepareria division. A cross-sectional research design was employed in this study. Chepareria division was purposely selected. 384 households were selected using systematic random sampling technique. A pre-designed data collection sheet was used to collect the information on medicinal plant species and photographs were taken where necessary during data collection. The study indicated that there were 25 medicinal tree and/or shrubs in Chepareria division. It was also found that 91.7% households had domesticated trees on their farms with Croton megalocarpus (71.3%) being the highly domesticated tree while Myrsine afriana was the least (0.9%) prevalent medicinal tree in the area. Further analysis using Chi- Square (χ 2 ) test of fitness indicated that there were significant differences in the number of households that have domesticated different medicinal trees and/or shrub species in Chepareria division (P <.0001). The indicated that the various medicinal trees and/or shrubs had different survival rates in the area. The mean survival rates of Aloe graminicola (62.6%), Croton macrostachyus (69.8%) Vernonia amygdalina (69.3%) and Croton megalocarpus (72.7%) are significantly higher while the survival rates of Tamarindus indica (12.0%), Myrsine afriana (6.6%), Dalbergia vaccinifolia (9. 4%) and Commiphoraboi viniana (7.2%) are significantly lower. Chapareria to increase the domestication and survival rate of trees/shrubs.
Effect of Fanya Juu Terraces With Varying Ditch Dimensions on Selected Soil Properties and Crop Yields in Semi-arid Eastern Kenya
(University of Nairobi, 2023) Njiru, Emerita N
Fanya juu terracing is a soil and water conservation practice used to control erosion and increase agricultural productivity in sloppy and hilly areas. The practice involves digging ditches and throwing the soil uphill to form embankments that obstruct runoff flow. Scanty information exists on their temporal and spatial effects on soil moisture, nutrients variability and crop yields especially on different types of soils. An on-farm study was, therefore, conducted in both the long rain (LR) and short rain (SR) seasons of 2014 and 2015 on the Luvisols in Mua location in Machakos County in semi-arid Eastern Kenya, to help generate this information. The objectives were to (i) determine the effect of Fanya juu terraces with varying ditch dimensions on soil moisture variability along the slope on hard-setting soils (ii) determine the effect of terraces on the spatial variability of selected soil nutrients along the slope and (iii) assess the effect of terraces on maize and bean grain yields on the hard setting soils of semi-arid Eastern Kenya. A split- split plot design with four replicates was used. Treatments consisted of terraces with 60, 30 and 0 (Control) cm ditch depths and three cropping systems (sole maize, sole beans and maize/bean intercrop). Soil moisture content (SMC), quantities of selected nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, organic carbon) and maize and bean grain yields were monitored at the upper (US), middle (MS) and lower (LS) slope positionsof the terraces. Data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means compared across seasons at a 95% level of confidence using the least significant difference of means (LSD). Results showed that SMC and its variability in the different terraces were influenced by the distribution and amount of rainfall. Significant difference (p≤00.001) was found in the interactions of season, ditch depth and slope position. Treatments with ditches had higher SMC than the control in all seasons. Soil moisture content was higher in terraces with 30 cm ditch depth compared to those with 60 cm in low and poorly distributed rainfall seasons but lower in the high and well-distributed rainfall season. Significantly higher SMC was recorded in the LS position of the terraces compared to the US and MS positions except when seasonal rainfall was high and well distributed. Total nitrogen and available phosphorous were both significantly (p<0.001) higher in the LS than in the US positions. Maize and beans grain yields were significantly (p≤0.05) higher in terraced than non-terraced treatments and at the LS position compared to the MS and US positions. Terraces with 30 cm ditch depth produced higher grain yields than those with 60 cm in low and sparsely distributed rainfall seasons. The findings implied that the construction of Fanya juu terraces with 30 cm ditch depths was favourable for the conservation of soil moisture, nitrogen and phosphorous contents on hard-setting soils in the marginal rainfall areas of semi-arid Eastern Kenya. Farmers can therefore, save on labuor and still achieve better yields byconstructing terraces with 30 cm ditch depth. The results also implied that spatial variations in contents of N and P caused by Fanya juu terraces can be utilized more efficiently through increased intensification of the lower slope position to improve crop production. The study recommends the constructionof Fanya juu terraces with a ditch depth of 30 cm and intensification of the lower slope position for increased utilization of the available nutrients and moisture in low and poorly distributed rainfall environments. It further recommends more studies on different soil types, development of technologies that favour efficient utilization of resources without causing degradation at the lower slope, and practices that will increase productivity at the upper position of the slope for improved food security.
Effectiveness of Soil Erosion Monitoring Strategies in Kuresoi South, Kenya
(International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 2022-05) Baliach, Gloria Chepkirui; Sitienei, Anne
Soil erosion is still one of the most important land problems and it is linked to land use and land cover changes. To mitigate against this, there has been an effort to transfer the management of natural resources to local communities especially in the tropics. Many of these initiatives incorporate the development of monitoring systems. Local monitoring systems constitute an almost compulsory component of any program or project dealing with sustainable management of natural resources. The purpose of this study was to assess soil erosion monitoring indicators as effective management tools to be used to help in monitoring change in natural resources within the study area. The study was comprised of a total representative sample population of 68 respondents from Kuresoi south catchment which was achieved using Nassiuma coefficient of variation formulae. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Data and information was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Both quantitative and qualitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences and presented in form of charts, tables of frequencies and percentages. The study results revealed the effectiveness of soil erosion monitoring indicators, degree of soil erosion and natural resource management. The study therefore recommends that it is important to introduce capacity building programs to the community and other stakeholders through creation of awareness and training so that they can have knowledge on these factors and thus implement the appropriate mitigation measures.
Effects of Concentrate Supplementation on Lactating Dromedary Camels During Mating Season in Isiolo, Kenya
(African journal of science technology and social science, 2024-04) Thiakunu Florence; Njehia Bernard K.; Nguhiu Purity N.; Arimi Joshua M.
Camels are resilient and have a high potential to contribute to food security and economic development in arid areas. However, this potential is being limited by diminishing feed resources due to the effects of climate change. Further, there is an upcoming peri-urban camel production system where the animals are limited in their movement. Consequently, camels do not get enough browse forages in terms of biomass and quality to meet their nutritional requirement. This has resulted in decreased production and reproductive performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of concentrate supplementation on lactating camels on productive and reproductive performance during mating season. A diet containing 16.80% crude protein (CP) and a digestible energy of 8.44 MJ/Kg was formulated and supplemented in the evenings with a group of ten camels. Another group of 10 camels acted as the control. Milking was done in the morning and production from each camel was recorded in liters. Percentage milk fat and protein analysis were done weekly using Gerber and Kjeldahl methods respectively. Serum biochemical levels were determined using spectrophotometry in the fourth week. Confirmation of pregnancy was done on the 5th month after mating by chemiluminescent progesterone assay. Camels were then divided into four groups. These were, supplemented pregnant(4) supplemented and not pregnant(6) un-supplemented pregnant(1), and un- supplemented and not pregnant(9). Paired mean comparisons were done to ascertain differences within the four groups. Mean daily milk production was 25.26±0.42 and 22.79±0.41 liters for supplemented and un-supplemented groups respectively (p<0.001). Paired mean differences were highest between pregnant supplemented and pregnant un-supplemented pair (p=0.165). Biochemical profiles, mean milk protein and fat percentages were significantly higher for supplemented than un-supplemented (p˂0.05). All supplemented camels were mated within the first two weeks and had a higher conception rate (40%) than un-supplemented (10%). The study recommends concentrate supplementation during mating season to improve fertility and milk production, especially in pregnant
Ethnobotany of pokot communities on bamboo species in the dryland areas of West Pokot County, Kenya
(KSCSTE - Kerala Forest Research Institute., 2023-05-30) Mandila, Brexidis; Namaswa, Timothy
Communities in dryland areas of West Pokot in Kenya rely on fragile degraded ecosystems that have led to famines, low productivity and income. Although cultivating bamboo provides solutions to part of these problems, the benefits of bamboo cultivation are species and site-specific. However, no research has established the ethnobotanical knowledge of bamboo in West Pokot, making it difficult to upscale its cultivation. The study aimed at 1) determining the level of awareness of bamboo 2) the uses of bamboo 3) factors motivating and hindering its cultivation. The study adopted an analytical cross-sectional survey research design. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used in selecting the study site. A Systematic random sampling technique was used in selecting households to be used in establishing local knowledge through questionnaires. Data were analysed using chi-square test of fit, chi-square test of association and cochran’s Q test of K-related samples. Results showed that farmer to farmer approach (38.9%) was the main source of information. Among the respondents, 70.6% of them were aware of bamboo out of which 67.6% were aware of its uses. The commonly identified uses were soil conservation (48.1%), shade provision (39.5%), fencing material (38.8%) and construction material (36.9%). The findings revealed that 74.1% of the respondents were willing to cultivate bamboo due to its environmental, economic and cultural benefits among others. However, inadequate knowledge of bamboo planting and management techniques (51.8%) is the main impeding factor to the cultivation of bamboo in the region. Therefore, forestry and agricultural extension agents in the county should sensitize and train farmers on bamboo establishment and management for farmers to realize its full potential
Evaluating Efficiency of Sampling Schemes in Tropical Natural Forests: Review and Simulation Experience from Kenya
(Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, 2019-08-08) Joseph Hitimana; James Legilisho Ole Kiyiapi; Balozi Kirongo Bekuta
Forest measurements, especially in natural forests are cumbersome and complex. 100% enumeration is costly and inefficient. This study sought to find out reliable, efficient and costeffective sampling schemes for use in tropical rain forest (TRF), moist montane forest (MMF) and dry woodland forest (DWF) in Kenya. Forty-eight sampling schemes (each combining sampling intensity (5, 10, 20, 30%), plot size (25, 50, 100, 400 m2 ) and sampling technique (simple random sampling, systematic sampling along North-South and along East-West orientations) were generated for testing estimates of forest attributes such as regeneration through simulation using R-software. Sampling error and effort were used to measure efficiency of each sampling scheme in relation to actual values. Though forest sites differed in biophysical characteristics, cost of sampling increased with decreasing plot size regardless of the forest type and attribute. Accuracy of inventory increased with decreasing plot size. Plot sizes that captured inherent variability were 5mx5m for regeneration and trees ha-1 across forest types but varied between forest types for basal area. Different sampling schemes were ranked for relative efficiency through simulation techniques, using regeneration as an example. In many instances systematic sampling-based sampling schemes were most effective. Sub-sampling in one-hectare forest unit gave reliable results in TRF (e.g. SSV-5mx5m-30%) and DWF (e.g. SSV-10mx10m-30%) but not in MMF (5mx5m-100%). Onehectare-complete-inventory method was found inevitable for regeneration assessment in montane forest.
Evaluation of Cercaricidal and Miracicidal Activity of Selected Plant Extracts Against Larval Stages of Schistosoma Mansoni
(IISTE, 2016) Obare, Benter A.; Yole, Dorcas; Nonoh, James; Lwande, Wilber
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by blood-flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is one of the most widespread of all human parasitic diseases, ranking second only to malaria in terms of its socioeconomic and public health importance in tropical and subtropical areas.More than 207 million people, 85% of whom live in Africa, are infected with schistosomiasis,and an estimated700 million people are at risk of infection in 76 countries.Control of schistosomiasis faces serious drawbacks of emergence of drug resistant parasites and molluscicide resistant snail hosts.Due to improper waste disposal,infected faecal matter enter water bodies such as canals rivers and springs where miracidia that hatch from parasite eggs develop into cercariae inside snail intermediate hosts and are infective to humans upon release in to the water.This study sought to evaluate the miracicidal and cercaricidal activity of selected plant extracts on larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni.Ten cercariae and miracidia were exposed to extract concentrations ranging from 10-150ppm.The most active extracts were Phytolacca dodecandra (LT50 10.84 and16.91minutes) and Solanum linaeanum (LT50 of 22.86 and 26.96 minutes) respectively that killed 50% of miracidia and cercariae in less than 30minutes.This was followed closely by Solanum americanum (LT50 31.02 and 31.89) and Anonna squamosa LT50 35.29 and 40.46minutes respectively.Piper nigrum was the least active recording LT50 46.84 and 56.75 of miracidia and cercaria respectively.Miracidia were more susceptible to extracts than cercariae.The higher susceptibility of miracidia to extracts has also been reported in other studies and it is advantageous since killing one miracidium prevents the formation of thousands of cercariae which are infective to humans.All the extracts killed larvae within one hour at concentration less than 100ppm and could be categorized as potent cercaricide and miracicides.
Factors Influencing Development of Farm Forestry in Lugari District, Kakamega County, Western Kenya
(Agricultural and Food Sciences, Environmental Science IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 0002) Otsieno Fredrick Sikuku; Apudo Musa Gweya; Ototo Gilbert O.
This study was conducted to establish the factors influencing the development of farm forestry in Lugari Division, Western Kenya. Data was collected between December 2007 to January 2008. Structured questionnaires/schedules, key informant interviewing, and secondary sources of data were used to collect data. All collected data were entered in SPSS 13.5 to facilitate statistical analysis using descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions and cross tabulations. Significant differences between expected and observed attributes were analyzed by non-parametric Chi- square tests. Farm sizes, species preferences, end use of tree products, access to and availability of preferred germplasm and planting materials, availability of resources for raising seedlings, access to extension services, and marketing constraints as well as biological and technical factors such as diseases, pests and planting methodologies were established as important factors influencing farm forestry and tree planting in general, in the division. This study has also demonstrated that farm forestry can be a useful tool for enhancing the livelihoods of many people and contributing to rural development in Lugari, and can be readily adopted if identified challenges can be comprehensively addressed. It is recommended that tree propagation techniques and distribution networks should be developed to enable affordable access to a wide range of appropriate germplasm. Small scale farmers should be assisted, through extension services, to manage and enhance the value of their tree crops. Institutional support through incentives such as credits, subsidies, technical support and creation of market opportunities including forest policy and legislation sensitization and implementation would boost farm forestry Collapse
Flavour Compounds in Backslop Fermented Uji (An East African Sour Porridge)
(ResearchGate, 2000-12) Onyango Calvin; Heike Raddatz; Bley Thomas
The potential of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentocaceus, Lactobacillus cellobiosus, different mixtures of these lactic acid bacteria and backslop starter cultures to acidify and form flavour compounds in uji was investigated. The bacteria chosen are the most prevalent species in fermented uji. Flavour compounds were analysed using GC-MS and GC-FID with HP5 non-polar column and DB-Wax polar columns respectively. Use of pure single or mixed cultures did not improve the flavour profile of fermented uji. On the basis of peak areas of unfermented and fermented uji aromagrams, pentanal, hexanal and hexadecanoic, 9,12-octadecadienoic, oleic and octadecanoic acids were found to be native to the flours, while 3-methyl-1-butanol, octanoate, nonanoate, hexadecanoate, linoleate, oleate and hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic and nonanoic acids were synthesised during submerged culture fermentation. Ethanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, lactic acid and ethylacetate were synthesised prior to fermentation and synthesis of these compounds continued during fermentation.
Haematological Response of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus Burchell 1822) Fingerlings Exposed to Different Concentrations of Tobacco (Nicotiana Tobaccum) Leaf Dust
(International Scholarly Reseach, 2013-09-17) Safina M. Musa; Aura Christopher Mulanda; Ogello Erick Ochieng; Omondi Reuben; Charo-Karisa Harrison; Munguti Jonathan Mbonge
The present study set out to investigate the haematological effects of tobacco leaf dust on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, fingerlings, with a mean weight of 3.01 ± 1.25 g using “static renewal bioassay system” during a 120-hour bioassay exposure period. Water quality parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen significantly decreased while total alkalinity and conductivity increased significantly in the exposed media, compared to the control test. Leucocytes counts increased significantly while erythrocytes counts decreased significantly with increasing concentration of tobacco dust. Packed cell volume significantly reduced with increase in the concentration of tobacco dust. Haematological examination showed that there was destruction of the erythrocytes production, and the concentration of haemoglobin was much lower in the exposed fish compared to the control depicting an anaemic condition. The results could provide baseline information for the safe limits of using tobacco leaf dust in fish ponds; hence 1.56 g L−1 concentration of tobacco leaf dust was recommended for pond preparation for Clarias gariepinus fingerling stocking. For better survival rates, the fish should only be introduced in the pond after three days of tobacco application.

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