Thesis and Dissertation

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PREVALENCE OF ECHINOCOCCOSIS IN DOGS, CATTLE, SHEEP AND GOATS, LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND ASSOCIATED ECONOMIC LOSSES
(2018) MABEL INYANGALA GACHENGO
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic infection caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm of the genus Echinococcus. It causes great public health and economic problems and remains neglected in Sub-Saharan Africa. The level of knowledge is poor in most developing countries. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of echinococcosis and its trend, level of knowledge and associated economic losses in Laikipia West Sub-County. A total of 4969 animals (522 cattle, 3428 sheep and 1019 goats) slaughtered in abattoirs were inspected for hydatid cysts; a questionnaire was administered to one adult member from each of the 300 household using mobile data collection Kit. Faecal samples from 401dogs were used to determine prevalence of echinococcosis in dogs. Data from Veterinary office meat inspection reports 2010-2014 were used to determine trends and associated economic losses due to CE. The prevalence of CE in slaughtered animals was 8.8% in cattle, 1.7% in sheep and 1.7% in goats. Prevalence of echinococcosis in dogs was 0.5% (2/401). The level of knowledge of echinococcosis was 25% (n=300). A total of 98,495 animals were inspected during the period 2010-2014 and results showed an increasing trend with time for both prevalence and economic loss. There was evidence of CE transmission and the level of knowledge of Echinococcosis was low. The public health implications and economic losses call for concerted control efforts. More elaborate studies on echinococcosis are recommended in dogs and man.
PRODUCT DESIGN STRATEGY UTILISATION IN DETERMINING THE PERFORMANCE OF MICRO AND SMALL TEXTILE ENTERPRISES IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
(2023-09) ADONIJAH OMBURA
Kenyan textile micro and small enterprises (MSEs) face a myriad of performance challenges, key being low product differentiation. This is when enterprises imitate each other's products. Scholars have recommended research into the most effective business strategies textile micro-enterprises can utilize in order to address low product differentiation. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the utilization of product design strategies on the performance of textile MSEs in Nairobi and thereafter develop a textile MSE product design guide that will be used in improving product innovations. Focussing on Nairobi City County's CBD, the first objective set to explain the product design strategies used by MSEs in the textile sub-sector. The second objective intended to determine the number of product innovations generated by textile MSEs in the combined year’s 2016 and 2017. The third objective of the study determined how product design strategies affect textile performance. The fourth and last objective focussed on the creation of a textile MSE product design guide. This study took up a deductive, epistemological investigation that followed a pragmatic philosophy with the following theories underpinning it: the Componential Theory of Creativity (CToC); the Concept Knowledge Theory (C-K); the Resource Based View theory (RBV) and the Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT). Purposive and snowball sampling were used to identify the textile MSEs before surveys with descriptive and explanatory designs and quantitative data analysis were done. A chi-square goodness of fit test revealed significant variation in textile MSEs' product innovations. The test was statistically significant for the variation in the amount of product innovations by textile MSEs. A second multiple logistic regression test indicated that both benchmarking strategies and research strategies had a significant influence on innovation. Thereafter, a Pearson chi-square independence test revealed a statistically significant association between the two strategies under study and their product innovation, however, the association strength was found to be weak as indicated by a Lambda test and confirmed by Phi coefficient as well as a contingency coefficient test. The ANOVA effect size analysis test was then used to reveal that the combined strategies had medium to small effects on the dependent variable. In conclusion, the test results showed that there was a significant influence of product design strategies on the performance of textile MSEs in Nairobi City County, Kenya. In light of this, a comprehensive product design guide, specifically tailored for textile micro and small enterprises (MSEs), and to be used in improving product innovations was developed. Other recommendations from the study include: improving the work environment and intrapreneurship orientation; using combination strategies for increased performance (innovation) and using design guides like the one proposed by the study. Recognition of design management as a critical intervening variable that affects the performance of textile MSEs was also made. Due to their limitation in size of the MSEs, the study also found the need to use association and collaboration to improve performance, while diversification strategy can be effectively employed to mitigate competition and imitations. Additionally, association and collaboration with design consultative units in Research institutions, Universities, government departments, or NGOs for robust R&D and NPD was encouraged.
FACTORS INFLUENCING ENROLMENT AND RETENTION OF STUDENTS IN PHYSICS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN IMENTI SOUTH SUB-COUNTY KENYA
(2016) KAIRO NKIROTE CATHERINE
Despite the place of physics in science, technology and national development, the number of students taking physics as their choice in secondary schools is declining. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing enrolment and retention of students in physics classes in secondary schools in Imenti South Sub-County of Meru County. The study was based on achievement motivation theory. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The target population was 14,097 subjects comprising of 13,943 students and 154 physics teachers in secondary schools in Imenti South Sub-County. Simple random sampling technique was adopted to select students and physics teachers from the population in Imenti south Sub-county. The sample size was 364 respondents comprising of 356 students and 8 physics teachers. Data was collected by use of three questionnaires, for the form two students, form three students and the other for the physics teachers. Piloting was carried out in two secondary schools in the neighbouring Imenti North Sub-county where 42 students and 4 physics teachers participated. Spearman Brown formulae was used to estimate the reliability co-efficient of the instruments. The reliability coefficient of 0.851 and 0.957 for students and teachers questionnaire respectively was obtained. The research instruments were validated with the help of supervisors. The data collected was cleaned, coded and entered into the computer for analysis. Statistical Package for Social Science version18 was used for data analysis. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the findings presented using tables, graphs and charts. The study established factors influencing enrolment and retention in physics include; lack of adequate teaching and learning apparatus, poor performance in physics, teaching methods used in practical lessons, playing with electrical gadget and making models during early childhood, naming constants and principles after male scientists. The research findings will provide important information to policy makers and other stake holders in the Ministry of Education on the influence of available teaching and learning physics resources in schools in regard to enrolment and choice of physics. The study will provide information to physics teachers on the influence of the methodologies used in teaching physics on selection of physics by the students. This may help physics teachers to know which intervention measures to take while teaching in order to improve student’s enrolment in physics. The study is of significance to the students because it enlightens them on the importance and the benefits of studying physics. The study also will sensitize the parents on the importance of physics and their role in exposing children to experiences that demonstrate physics knowledge during childhood. This will help in improving enrolment and retention of students in physics in secondary schools.
ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF EKEGUSII VOWELS AND STOPS
(2020-10) OTIENO NYANSERA PETER
Preceding a theoretical exploration of issues in a language is a basic research. Through such basic descriptive study, the vitality of the language is aided and documented. This is vital especially for the less studied languages such as EkeGusii that has not been phonetically studied and documented especially using scientific methods. Following Peterson and Barney (1952), this work is an acoustic study of the vowels and voiceless stops of Ekegusii. Its goal is to transcend the impressionistic descriptions previously in the 1960s by Whiteley (1965) and Guthrie (1967). Specifically, the work explores the seven vowels of Ekegusii /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ along with the intervening voiceless stops /p t k/ within the Source-Filter Theory of sound production. The purpose of this study is to give a complete description of the vowels and stops and document them for reference by various fields from linguistics to machine translation. The scope of impressionistic phonetics is limited by capabilities of human senses and is not verifiable while experimental phonetics like this present study extends and backs-up impressionistic description. The main objective of this study is to give a complete description of the acoustic qualities of the vowels and stop consonants from the oral data got from a purposively selected sample of twelve (four males, four females and four children), bearing in mind their speech mannerisms, geographical and dialectal considerations. Audio data was recorded as the informants read out word lists and carrier phrases bearing target sounds into a microphone connected to a computer running on Praat sampled at 44100 Hz. Analysis of audio data is primarily done using Praat software. Further, quantitative data analyses were done using MS-Excel spread sheets and SPSS with the results presented in tables, charts and written descriptions for each sound, each subject and group. The study mainly found out that EkeGusii adopts a seven vowel system with length contrast making the vowels to be phonologically fourteen. The vowels also display age, sex and dialectal variations. Results for stop consonants show that stops can be discriminated by features such as voice-onset-time, burst intensity and stop duration. Significantly, the research findings provide useful basis for codification and documentation of EkeGusii phonetics for the two dialects.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAD TEACHERS’ LEADERSHIP STYLES AND PUPILS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN MALINDI SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
(2016-11) FREDER MWALUNGO KATUNDA
This study aimed at investigating the relationship between head teachers’ leadership styles on pupils’ academic performance in public primary schools in Malindi Sub County, Kenya. More often than not, head teachers find themselves on the receiving end of poor performance in public primary schools. Most parents tend to attribute poor performance of their children to head teacher’s leadership styles. The objectives of the study were to: find out the relationship between democratic leadership style and pupils’ academic performance; determine relationship between the autocratic leadership style and pupils’ academic performance; find out the relationship between the transformative leadership styles and pupils’ academic performance; and determine the leadership the relationship between the transactional leadership styles and pupils’ academic performance. This study was based on Fiedler’s contingency theory and rationale theory of performance. quantitative methods were used in this study. The study adopted the correlational research design that sought to measure the relationship between the variables. The study targeted a population of 750 teachers and head teachers from 30 public primary schools in Malindi Sub County. The sample was 200 participants consisting of 192 teachers and 8 head teachers. The sample was obtained through stratified sampling to establish the number of head teachers and teachers to include in the study sample. Simple random sampling was used to select 8 head teachers from 30 schools and 192 teachers from 720 teachers. Questionnaires were used; one for teachers and another for head teachers to collect data. Pilot study was carried out in two neighbouring schools which were not included in the study. The validity of the instruments was ascertained by the supervisor and two other lecturers who gave verdict on their appropriateness. The reliability was verified by using the test retest method whereby Pearson Product Moment correlation was 0.75. To cover ethical issues, clearance was done with Mount Kenya University and a permit was obtained from NACOSTI and official letters from the County Director of Education and the District Education Officer. The participants signed informed consent forms and were assured of their privacy and confidentiality. The data was analyzed quantitatively using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings established that independent variables had positive and significant relationship with pupils’ academic performance since the estimated Pearson Linear correlation coefficient statistic was significant at the 99% level for all the variables (Sig.<.01, r>.9). All the null hypotheses filed to be accepted. The study concludes that from the three tests on a hypothesis that is correlation, regression and coefficient, all indicates rejection of the null hypothesis paving a way for alternative hypothesis. The study recommends that head teachers ought to be given refresher courses on appropriate leadership styles to be applied in their institutions. The ministry of education should allow teachers to teach in one school for at most 10 years so as to gain experience before transferring to another school. Quality assurance officers needed to be visiting schools regularly to establish level of performance and offer necessary intervention where things are not in order. The study findings are expected to provide useful information to head teachers in helping them to re-examine and appraise their own leadership styles and hence make adjustment where necessary.
EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL TOOL ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN KENYA COMMERCIAL BANK, NAIROBI COUNTY
(2017-06) LEAH NJERI NYAMU
Performance appraisals improve the work performance of employees by helping them realize their full potentials in carrying out their firm's mission and also, to provide information to employees and managers for use in making work-related decisions. They provide feedback to employees; determine training and development needs, numbers to be promoted as well as the levels of motivation. Performance appraisals, however, are beset with difficulties as a result of their complex nature. The general objective of the study therefore, was to evaluate the performance appraisal tool on employees‟ performance in Kenya Commercial Bank. The research design used in the study was descriptive research design because it was appropriate for the achievement of the research objectives. The population for the study was 355 and a sample size of 107 was selected using cluster sampling method to group the target population according job titles. The study applied purposive sampling to select Nairobi County because of easy of accessibility. Questionnaires were used as instruments for the study and 107 questionnaires were distributed to the members of staff and subordinate as the respondents. The data was analyzed using descriptive analysis. Organized data was interpreted on account of concurrence and standard deviation to objectives using a computer package SPSS version 21. The researcher in addition used correlation analysis and a multiple regression analysis to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables and their level of significance. The research was based on Attribution Theory, Implicit Theory, Equity Theory and Expectancy Theory. The information obtained from this study provided commercial bank Human Resource Managers and decision makers with better insights into employee performance appraisal programs that could be used to improve employee performance.
ASSESSMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN KENYA TO FORECAST LOCAL PRODUCTION SUFFICIENCY
(2017-10) SARAH KADESA VUGIGI
The World Health Organization’s global strategy on public health aims to support Member States to improve access to essential medicines. The desire of Kenya Government to implement this is expressed by formulation of Kenya National Pharmaceutical Policy (2010) which encourages local production of essential medicines for self-sufficiency. The pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Kenya is engaged in production of various types of dosage forms but its capacity and capability to produce essential medicines for Kenyans have not been determined. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Kenya to forecast local production sufficiency. This was attained by evaluating the manufacturing capability, production capacities and compliance with international marketing authorization standard of the Kenyan pharmaceutical industry. The 24 licensed manufacturers of medicines for human use were assessed. Data was collected on the current drug situation in Kenya by scanning Pharmacy and Poisons Board database to determine range of products that are registered in Kenya. Local pharmaceutical manufacturer’s product lists, Kenya Essential Medicines list and pharmaceutical tender lists of three major procurers in Kenya (Kenya Medical Supplies Authority, Kenyatta National Hospital and Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies) were examined to establish the proportion of products which was manufactured locally. Prices competitiveness and market share of local products were evaluated and subsequently, pharmaceutical equivalents of 150 locally manufactured essential medicines were determined. Data on production capacity for 5 years (2010-2014) and compliance of facilities with good manufacturing practices standard and other prerequisites of marketing authorization was obtained using a structured questionnaire. Results showed that solid dosage forms were majority (54.9 %) of local products and sterile preparations were minority (2.7 %). Locally manufactured products accounted for 14.5 % of registered and 21.5 % of retained products. Local firms manufactured 38.4 % of products listed as essential medicines and 55.6 %, 24.5 % and 21.8 %, respectively, of pharmaceutical products procured by Kenya Medical Supplies Authority, Kenyatta National Hospital and Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies. The overall percentage of local pharmaceutical equivalents was 32.5 % for registered products. There was no variation between mean prices of local and imported pharmaceutical equivalents. Scatter diagrams demonstrated that imported pharmaceutical products comprised both low and highly priced brands. The overall utilized production capacity (two shifts) was 21.5 %; tablets (24.1 %), capsules (12.8 %), liquids (25.3 %), dry syrups (21.8 %), external preparations (21.3 %) and oral rehydration salts (23.6 %). This study projected the year for self-sufficiency in non-sterile medicines produced in the local industry as 2043. Good manufacturing practices standard was satisfactory at 11 facilities while the rest were striving to achieve compliance. Research and development of new products was limited in most facilities with 1 % of the workforce deployed in this department. It is concluded from this study that Kenya depends heavily on imported drugs for her essential medicines needs. Majority of local products were less competitive than imported products and production capacity was underutilized. Majority of manufacturers adhered to current good manufacturing practice standards but were inadequate in research. This study recommends augmentation of research and development by the local pharmaceutical industry to generate new products. In addition, substantial government support is required to propel the industry to improve product range, product competitiveness and production capacity utilization.
EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION IN ENHANCING STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS, SELF-CONCEPT OF ABILITY AND MOTIVATION TOWARDS LEARNING OF CHEMISTRY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MAARA SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
(2016-11) ROSE GATUNE MUGWIRIA
Students perform poorly in Kenya Certificates of Secondary Education Chemistry examinations in Kenya. Chemistry is important for understanding composition, properties and behavior changes of matter that form the environment. The teaching of Chemistry aims at developing scientific attitudes, concept, principles and skills in learners. Differentiating instruction means tailoring instruction to meet individual needs of learners. Differentiating instruction consists of efforts of teachers to respond to the variance among learners in the classroom. This study investigated the effectiveness of differentiated instruction in enhancing students‟ academic achievements, self-concept of ability and motivation towards learning of chemistry. The study was guided by Howard Gadner Theory of multiple Intelligence. Quasi experimental research design was employed and in particular Solomon‟s four group design was used. The research was carried out in Four Day co-educational secondary schools in Maara sub-county, Kenya. The target population was 12,187 chemistry students. The accessible population was 1,242 form two chemistry students in Day co educational secondary schools. A purposive sampling technique was used to draw the participating schools. Simple random sampling was used to select and to assign participating schools in Experimental and Control groups. The sample size was 165 form two chemistry students. The research instruments used were Chemistry Achievement Test, Students‟ Self Concept of Ability Questionnaire and Students‟ Motivation Questionnaire. The instruments were piloted to determine their reliability, while validity of the instrument was ascertained by experts‟ opinions from Department of Education and Resource Development of Chuka University. Reliability coefficient for CAT, SSCAQ and SMQ was 0.74, 0.80 and 0.77 respectively. The experimental groups (E1 and E2) were taught using differentiated instruction teaching approach while the control groups (C1 and C2) were taught through conventional teaching approach. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used for data analysis. The raw data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics (Mean, Standard deviation, percentages) and inferential statistics (One-way ANOVA, ANCOVA and t-test). The level of significance for acceptance or rejection of null hypotheses was at α = 0.05. The findings of the study indicated that differentiated instruction significantly improved the students‟ achievement, self concept of ability and motivation towards learning chemistry. It was also found out that when students were taught using differentiated instruction, gender did not affect their achievement in chemistry. The findings are expected to form a frame of reference for further research on innovative teaching strategies in chemistry education as well as in science education in general.
FUNCTIONALIZED GEOPOLYMERS DERIVED FROM CLAY AND RICE HUSK FOR REMOVAL OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS AND METHYLENE BLUE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
(2018-10) MAINGI MUKORA FRANCIS
With the onset of industrialization, humanity has witnessed various ecological issues in the society and disturbance of ecosystem. Heavy metals and methylene blue are very toxic substances known to cause detrimental effects to human health when ingested even at low concentrations. Several techniques are available for removal of heavy metals, and dyes from the wastewater such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane among others. Among these technologies adsorption is preferable for wastewater treatment due to its simplicity in design, high efficiency and availability of materials involved. Geopolymers are inorganic polymers and have been in use in construction industries as alternatives to ordinary portland cement but very little information is available on their use in environmental pollution management. This study aimed at synthesizing and functionalizing amorphous geopolymers from common clay and rice husk ash for use as adsorbents in removal of heavy metal ions and methylene blue from contaminated water. There is adequate literature indicating that clay minerals contain both silicates and alumina while rice husk ash contains substantial amounts of silica. This work therefore reports synthesis of geopolymers GP 1, GP-2 and GP-3 using clays and rice husk ash that were functionalized using citric acid and EDTA for use in adsorption of heavy metals and colour. Characterization of the geopolymers was done using FT-IR, EDS, XRD and SEM. Batch experiments using Pb (II), Cd (II), Zn (II) ions and methylene blue (MB) were done. FT-IR indicated presence of Al-O and Si-O bonds which are the finger prints of geopolymers. XRD analysis showed presence of amorphous phase between 18-36° (2θ) an indication that geopolymerization occurred. SEM analysis revealed the formation of a heterogeneous matrix which consists of a dense continuous gel with microcracks and voids on geopolymer adsorbents. The mean percentage uptakes of 99.32 ± 0.04, 99.74 ± 0.01, 91.33 ± 0.06 and 91.99 ± 0.57 of Pb (II), Cd (II), Zn (II) and MB were achieved respectively. Various equilibrium models were employed and from the correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.94), the data was found to fit best in Langmuir Freundlich model (Sips). The highest adsorption capacities of Pb (II), Cd (II), Zn (II) and MB were 326.5, 175.5, 169.9 and 20.74 mg/g respectively, attained using GP-3E. Increased adsorption of Pb (II), Cd (II), Zn (II) ions and MB was observed upon functionalization as well as when Si/Al ratio increased. Kinetic studies showed that a pseudo- second order model was more suitable than the first order in explaining the adsorption mechanism. This indicated that the adsorption transient behaviour used valence forces or exchangeable electrons and that chemisorption was more pronounced in the rate determining step. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process was endothermic and physisorption since values of ∆H° obtained were < 40 kJ/mol. From the adsorption data, it‟s evident that synthesized geopolymers are potential adsorbents for removal of heavy metals and MB and may be employed in wastewater management.
RISK ASSESSMENT DUE TO NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN KILIMAMBOGO, KENYA
(2023-12) NYAMBURA CATHERINE
Man is continually exposed to ionizing radiation whose main origin is either natural or artificial. The primordial radionuclides found in building materials are important sources of radon and thoron in the indoor air. The main objective of this research was to assess exposure due to radioactive elements in indoor air, crops and building materials (soil and rocks), and determine the level of the risks. The concentration levels of radon, thoron, and thoron progeny were measured in mud-walled, iron sheet walled, and stone walled modern houses in Kilimambogo region, Kenya. Radon and thoron concentration levels were determined using passive radon–thoron discriminative monitors (RADUET), while thoron progeny levels were measured using thoron progeny monitors. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K present in the different environmental samples like rocks, soil, and cassava crop were determined using a Thallium- activated sodium-iodide scintillation (NaI (TI)) detector Model TS-2L. Elemental concentration in water samples was determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean external dose received indoors by the residents due to radionuclides present in rock and soil samples was measured to be 0.91 ± 0.26 mSv y-1 and 0.86 ± 0.19 mSv y-1 respectively. This is comparable to the total exposure dose limit of 1 mSv y-1 recommended by ICRP for members of the general public. This means that, soil and rocks in the region does not pose any radiological risk to the residents of Kilimambogo region. Consequently, they can be used for agriculture and construction of dwellings. The doses received due to intake of cassava tubers and leaves was 1.82 ± 0.60 mSv y-1 and 0.81± 0.30 mSv y-1 respectively, totaling to 2.63 ± 0.70 mSv y-1. The ingestion dose contributes to 42.1% of the total dose received by the resident from measured sources. Residents should therefore reduce the intake of cassava. The annual effective dose received by the residents of Kilimambogo and Gatuanyaga regions due to inhalation of radon and thoron was determined for the three types of dwellings, from their respective progenies and found to be 1.3 ± 0.2 mSv y-1, 1.1 ± 0.1 mSv y-1 and 1.4 ± 0.2 mSv y-1 for radon progeny and 2.4 ± 0.4 mSv y-1, 0.5 ± 0.1 mSv y-1 and 1.5 ± 0.2 mSv y-1 for thoron progeny in mud-walled, iron sheet-walled and stone-walled houses respectively. It was observed that, residents living in iron sheet - walled houses with cemented floors received the lowest doses from inhalation of the radon isotopes hence such houses are safer than other types of dwellings. Residents living in mud houses and uncemented houses should consider improving the ventilation of their houses to reduce radiation exposure. The lifetime cancer risks for the residents due to intake of metal carcinogens, Cd, Ni and Pb in borehole and surface water was also estimated. The cumulative cancer risk in the borehole samples was 0.12 ± 0.06 and 0.19 ± 0.09 in the dry and wet seasons respectively. Those from surface water sources were 0.10 ± 0.07 and 0.21 ± 0.06 in the dry and wet seasons respectively. In both seasons, the cancer risks were much greater than the acceptable risks of 10-6 to 10-4 by a factor of 1000 and above. This indicates that about 10% of the residents are likely to die of cancer related ailments. RESRAD computer simulation code was used to estimate the doses received by the resident farmer and the quarry worker scenarios at time, t = 0 years. The doses received by the resident farmer and quarry worker scenarios were 0.22 mSv y-1 and 0.16 mSv y-1 respectively only for the external radiation pathway. This risk is low and does not pose any significant health risk to the residents. The data measured in this research will be used by future researchers as baseline study.

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